Chapter 16

Question 1

What are Dietary Supplements? What are examples of them?

Answer 1

Products ingested by athletes and other active people hoping to increase performance and recovery. Vitamins, minerals, herbal supplements

Question 2

Risks associated with dietary supplements

Answer 2

Found to contain hidden amounts of steroids and other banned substances

Pose an unacceptable risk for these athletes and their career

Taking vitamins at high dosage levels can cause illness and serious organ and tissue damage

Question 3

Define Pharmalogical Aid

Answer 3

Drugs, both legal and illegal, are used to enhance athlete’s performance. It is the use of a substance that can harm an athlete’s health while enhancing performance.

Question 3

What are Protein and Amino Acid Supplements?

Answer 3

Products sometimes taken by athletes and other active individuals on the believe that they will increase muscle mass, strength and endurance

Question 4

Define Protein powders, carnitine, creatine, caffeine, give examples (if needed) and what their function is

Answer 4

Protein powders- or amino acids powders are often taken by bodybuilders with the goal of enlarging muscle mass

Carnitine- Substance that has been widely advertised as “fat burner” claim to decrease lactate production, increase VO2 max, delay fatigue

Creatine- Compound present in skeletal muscle, and facilitates rapid function of ATP.

Caffeine- Stimulates the CNS, found in foods such as coffee, tea and chocolate.

Question 5

Define Pain Masking Drugs. Give Side Effects and Examples

Answer 5

Drugs that work by blocking the brain’s ability to sense pain by blocking the nerve impulses that travel to the brain.

Examples: Morphine, heroin, pethidine, and dextropropoxyphene.
Side effects: addiction, serious injury, and the body’s natural response to pain are blocked.

Question 6

Define Anabolic Steroids. Give side effects examples

Answer 6

Synthetic versions of male hormone testosterone that are banned by most major sports organisations. No enhancement for athletes has been demonstrated by steroids other than increasing lean body mass.
Side effects: early heart attacks, strokes, stunted growth, liver tumours, kidney failure, and psychiatric problems.

Question 7

Define Prohormones. Give side effects

Answer 7

androgenic steroid that are banned by sport governed bodies. They convert to testosterone or stimulate it.

Androstenedione is supposed to increase physical power and decrease body fat but there is little support for this claim.
Side effects: include stunted growth and aggressive behaviors

Question 8

Define HGH- Human Growth Hormone

Answer 8

It is produced naturally but some athletes seek to raise its level by injecting synthetic preparations. Extra HGH increases muscle mass, bone strength, and aerobic endurance and limits weight gain. Effectiveness is unproven and can lead to liver, heart, and kidney problems as well as skeletal abnormalities.

Question 8

Define EPO

Answer 8

A Natural protein hormone produced by kidneys and allows for the production of red blood cells. Can be manufactured or injected. Synthetic EPO increases haemoglobin and increases oxygen-carrying capacity of cells.
It is a banned substance and causes the heart to work harder which can lead to cardiac failure.

Question 9

This person used EPO to win many of their major titles

Answer 9

Lance Armstrong

Question 10

What are two physiological Aids

Answer 10

Blood Doping, Drug Masking

Question 10

Define Blood doping. What is the process?

Answer 10

Blood Doping- involves the intravenous administration of blood, red blood cells, and related blood products to raise the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity, thus enhancing aerobic athletic performance.

Athletes either use their own blood or someone elses. Blood is removed from an athlete and stored for 6-8 weeks, and then reinfused into the athlete from 1-7 days before the competition

Following the infusion cardiorespiratory endurance performance is improved.

Question 10

Define Drug Masking. What is the function?

Answer 10

practice of using certain drugs to mask or reduce the presence of banned substances.

Includes agents to dilute the concentration of banned drugs in blood streams and diuretics which increase the amount of urine produced and dilute the concentration of urine tested.
Technique used by an athlete to escape detection of the use of banned substances is prohibited.