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Endocrine (F&F) > Insulin and Glucagon > Flashcards

Insulin and Glucagon Flashcards

1
Q

Energy balance/homeostasis

A
  • Optimal metabolic status: Energy intake and energy expenditure is equal
  • Obesity and Metabolic disorders: Energy intake is much higher than energy expenditure. Often results in negative impacts on endocrine hormones resulting in further conditions
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2
Q

What results in differences in hormone actions?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Species
  • Tissue-specific differences
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3
Q

Anabolic hormones

A
  • Insulin
  • Ghrelin
  • Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
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4
Q

Catabolic hormones

A
  • Glucagon
  • Cortisol/corticosterone
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
  • GLP-1 (some catabolic effects)
  • Leptin
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5
Q

Meal responsive and counter-regulatory hormones

A

Insulin and glucagon
- These are the primary hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis. They oppose each other and their levels in circulation are mostly decided by glucose

Insulin high, glucagon low

As insulin drops and glucagon increases, FFAs will begin to be used, followed by ketone bodies

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6
Q

Counter regulation hormone example

A

Insulin and glucagon

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7
Q

Cells of the pancreas and their function

A
  • Beta cells- produce insulin
  • Alpha cells- produce glucagon
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8
Q

Glucagon

A

Stimulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue and gluconeogenesis in liver

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9
Q

Insulin

A
  • Stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
  • Inhibits gluconeogenesis in liver and lipolysis in white adipose tissue
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10
Q

Liver during fed state

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • Receives insulin from B cells from pancreas that stimulates glucose uptake of cells and liver (glycogenesis in liver). Glucose stored as glycogen.
  • Plasma glucose returns to normal
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11
Q

Liver during fasting state

A
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Pancreas released glucagon from alpha cells
  • Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver and release of glucose into plasma
  • Plasma glucose returns to normal levels
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12
Q

Glucose and insulin levels in normal/diabetic animal

A
  • After meal, glucose levels should immediately increase and insulin levels should rise.
  • If you don’t see this increase in insulin, then can assume diabetes
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13
Q

Cells in which insulin increases glucose uptake

A
  • Muscle cells
  • Skeletal cells
  • Smooth cells
  • Cardiac cells
  • Adipose cells
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14
Q

Cells in which insulin does not affect glucose uptake

A
  • Neurons
  • Intestinal epithelium
  • Red blood cells
  • Kidney tubular epithelium
  • Liver
  • Leukocytes
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15
Q

Insulin effects on liver

A
  • Increase glycogenesis
  • Decrease gluconeogenesis
  • Increase glycolysis
  • Increase lipogenesis
  • Decrease ketoacids
  • Increases proteogenesis
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16
Q

Insulin effects on muscular tissue

A
  • Increase glucose uptake, glycolysis, glycogenesis, amino acid uptake, proteogenesis, ketoacid uptake, and potassium uptake
  • Decreases fatty acid uptake
17
Q

Insulin effect on adipose tissue

A

Increase glucose uptake, glycolysis, synthesis of fatty acids, synthesis of glycerol-phosphate, lipogenesis, inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase, potassium uptake

18
Q

Insulin effects on blood

A

Decreases glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ketoacids, potassium

19
Q

Factors stimulating insulin secretion

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids
  • GI hormones
  • Acetylcholine
  • Glucagon
  • Ketoacids
  • Sulfonylureas
20
Q

Factors inhibiting insulin secretion

A
  • Somatostatin
  • Catecholamines
  • Cortisol
  • Growth hormone
  • Exercise
  • Fasting
  • Hypokalemia
  • Alloxan
21
Q

Insulin impact on mechanism of action

A
  • Bind to receptor
  • Allows for cell growth, protein synthesis, glycogen synthesis, glucose transport
22
Q

Glucagon effect on glucose metabolism

A
  • Decrease glycolysis
  • Increase gluconeogenesis
23
Q

Glucagon effect on lipid metabolism

A

Increase lipolysis and ketogenesis

24
Q

Glucagon effect on protein metabolism

A
  • Increase ureagenesis
  • Increase hepatic amino acid uptake
25
Q

Glucagon effect on energy metabolism

A
  • Decrease food intake
  • Increase energy expenditure
26
Q

Stimulating factors affecting glucagon secretion

A
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Amino acids
  • GI hormones
  • Catecholamines
  • Acetylcholine
  • Exercise
  • Fasting
  • Cortisol
  • Growth hormone
27
Q

Inhibiting factors affecting glucagon secretion

A
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin
  • Fatty acids
  • Ketoacids
28
Q

Feedback regulation of pancreatic islets

A

Set point- point in between high and low levels of blood glucose
- An increase in glucose will provide a positive feedback on Pancreatic beta cells to make insulin which brings glucose levels back down
- An increase in glucose will also inhibit pancreatic alpha cells from producing glucagon. When glucose is low, this inhibition will not happen and glucagon will be released bringing glucose levels back to normal

29
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic effect on pancreatic islets

A
  • Sympathetic or epinephrine will stimulate alpha cells producing glucagon
  • Parasympathetic will stimulate both alpha and beta cells

Endocrine (F&F) (13 decks)

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