DEFINITIONS

Question 1

allele frequency

Answer 1

frequency of alternative alleles of a gene in a population

Question 2

complex traits

Answer 2

traits that vary long a continuous scale rather than either or - eg human height
- determined by genes and environment
- assume all traits are additive

Question 3

polygenic inheritance

Answer 3

phenotypes of complex traits are affected by many genes each with small effects

Question 4

additive genetic variation

Answer 4

genes acting in an additive manner rather than dominance
- eg codominance

Question 5

hertiability

Answer 5

h^2 = Va / Vp or ( 2xgradient)

this indicates how much variations in a character is due to genetic origins
on a scale of 0-1
- 1 = highly genetic so is highly heritable
- 0 = not genetic so not heritable - due to environment

Question 6

natural selection is

Answer 6

• behavioural
• morphological/anatomical
• physiological

Question 7

intraspecific competition

Answer 7

competition that occurs within a population of individuals of the same species

Question 8

homology

Answer 8

similarity between species due to shared common ancestors

Question 9

fitness

Answer 9

best fitted for the environment as a measure of their evolutionary success
- the fitter = more likely to reproduce and survive to produce fertile offspring and pass on traits

fitness = genetic contribution to the next generation

the greater the fitness, the faster it spreads

Question 10

genotypic fitness

Answer 10

2 major components
- survival to adulthood
- number offspring produced

Question 11

relative fitness

Answer 11

the absolute fitness of each phenotype divided by the absolute fitness of the fittest genotype in the population

Question 12

coefficient of selection

Answer 12

measurements of how much natural selection attempts to reduce the relative contribution of the genotype to the next generation
1-relative fitness = coefficient

Question 13

synonymous mutations

Answer 13

if substitution mutation codes for same amino acid, no different protein so no change to phenotype

Question 14

non synonymous mutation

Answer 14

when there is a change in protein as mutation causes change in amino acid sequence that doesn’t code for the same protein - changing phenotype

Question 15

deleterious mutation

Answer 15

when mutation that changes phenotype causes a negative effect on the fitness (reproductive success)

Question 16

random

Answer 16

whether a mutation occurs is independent of how useful it is to the environment
- it is not influenced

DOES NOT MEAN THAT ALL MUTATIONS ARE LIKELY TO HAPPEN

Question 17

Frequency dependent selection

Answer 17

the fitness of a genotype depends on the frequency in a population
the fitness decreases as the gene becomes more common as more competition between those with same allels

Question 18

anagenesis (anagenetic change)

Answer 18

selection acting within a species causes the species to change
anagenesis alone does not produce biodiversity
- an evolutionary process in which species continue to exist and survive as an interbreeding population.

-when one (new) species completely replaces another (ancestral) species due to evolutionary changes within the same lineage.

Question 19

cladogenesis

Answer 19

speciation where an ancestral species evolves into 2 reproductively isolated descendent species
- the formation of a new group of organisms or higher taxon by evolutionary divergence from an ancestral form.

Question 20

sexual selection

Answer 20

selection for characteristics that increase the mating success, therefore increasing ability to sexually reproduce

Question 21

viability selection

Answer 21

selection acting on varaibility in characters that act on the viability of survival - to avoid predation, foraging
- anything that is going to help successfully survive

Question 22

anisogamy

Answer 22

males and females produce different size gametes

Question 23

isogamy

Answer 23

all gametes same size

Question 24

accessory pigments - phyocerythrin

Answer 24

found in algae
- absorbs light at different wavelengths to the chlorophyll present
then transfers this energy into chlorophyll for photosynthesis as usual

Question 25

gametophytes

Answer 25

sexual phases where producing one set of chromosomes - haploid - produces gametes

Question 26

sporophytes

Answer 26

sexual phases where 2 sets of chromosomes - diploid - produces seeds

Question 27

sporangium

Answer 27

meiosis occurs to produce spores. formed from a sporophyte

Question 28

homosporous

Answer 28

single type of spores produces, single type of gametophyte and are bisexual (no gender)

Question 29

heterosporous

Answer 29

2 types of spores - 2 types of gametophytes and are uni sexual (specific gender)

Question 30

seed

Answer 30

a young sporophyte inside a gametophyte inside a sporophyte
- 3 generationsp

Question 31

pollen

Answer 31

immature male gametophyte

Question 32

gymnosperm

Answer 32

flowerless seed plants

Question 33

angiosperm

Answer 33

flowering plants

Question 34

endosperm

Answer 34

specialised food tissues only found in angiosperm seeds that feeds the seedling after germination

Question 35

heteroterophic

Answer 35

must eat something to gain energy, cannot produce own energy

Question 36

diploblastic

Answer 36

2 layers on endocerm and ectoderm

Question 37

diapsids

Answer 37

animals with 2 holes in skull
- crocidiles, dinos ,birds, reptiles

Question 38

synapsids

Answer 38

animals with one hole in skill
- mammals

Question 39

anapsid

Answer 39

animals with no holes in skull
- turtles

Question 40

microphyll leaf

Answer 40

evolved from out growths on stem

Question 41

mrgaphyll leaf

Answer 41

evolved from branched stem
-fern leaves