T14 Flashcards
wind and insect pollinatin
wind pollination - effective only with quite dense populations
insect pollination - more appropriate for less abundant and is more precise so predominantly used
this causes plants to evolve using petals and scents to encourage insects to carry pollen in exchange for nectar
angiosperms
edicts - 2 seed leaves, majority of flowering plants - merged from archaedicots, 3 holes in pollen
archaedicots - earliest angiosperm, 2 leaves seed , one hole in pollen
monocots - 1 seed leaf, emerged from archaedicots, one hole in pollen
monocot pollen
always one hole/ apertures where water can enter and pollen grain can germinate from
dicot pollen
one or three-hole, apertures
dicots with one aperture - more primitive - archaedicots
3 hole in pollen = eudicots
monocots defining characters
-single seed leaf
-no primary root
-petals are multiple of 3
-the stem is a vascular bundle in complex arrangement with flexible stem
- no secondary stem
- veins on leaf are parallel and sharp
monocot examples
orchids
grass
iris
bluebells
anything with bulbs
eudicots examples
any tree other than conifer
buttercup
roses
archaedicots examples
water lilies
mangolia
first angiosperm
amborella
second angiosperm
waterlilies, first-time seed plants become aquatic and first time herbaceous
dicot defining features
-dicots have a primary root
- petals in multiples of 4 or 5
- dicots has a strick vascular ring and rigid stem
- 2 seed leafs
has a secondary stem - allow for woody growth - allow trees to form
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methods for plants to get nutrition - parasitism
parasitism
- permits extravagance in the plant as has lots of energy and food
however, parasite seeds must find a suitable host or they will die
different parasists
autotrophic - non parasites - makes own food, photosynthesis
semi-parasitic - makes own food/chlorophyll and steals
heterotrophic, fully parasitic - no chlorophyll, solely relies on parasitism
example using Striga - semi-parasitic that attacks African maize crops
- striga seeds sense the maize root in the soil
- Striga germinates and seeks rot
- attaches to start parasitism
- aerial parts developed
methods for plants to get nutrition - insectivious plants
insect eaters
- not used to get energy as they still photosynthesis
- the insects provide nutrition that is lacking in the soil