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HOE > Intro A&P Exam 4- Book Notes > Flashcards

Intro A&P Exam 4- Book Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

abdominal cavity- begins at inferior surface of the diaphragm
stomach, liver, spleen, colon
different in that it is totally protected by muscle
4 quadrants- RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, RUQ

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2
Q

Abduction

A

movement away from the midline

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3
Q

Adduction

A

movement toward the midline

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4
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

fatty tissue

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5
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

sensory nerves, carry messages TO brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

joint with little motion

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7
Q

Amount of Blood in Human

A

adult- 4 to 6 quarts

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8
Q

Anatomic Position

A

a standard position of the body: standing erect, facing directly forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, and arms hanging down at the sides with palms facing forward. This position is used as a reference to describe sites or motions of various parts of the body

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9
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the structure of an organism

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10
Q

Anterior

A

ventral, front half of body

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11
Q

Aorta artery

A

largest artery in the body, carries blood away from the heart

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12
Q

Aortic valve

A

flap or cusp located between the left ventricle and the aorta

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13
Q

Apnea

A

absence of respirations, temporary cessation of respirations

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14
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A

part of the meninges, arachnoid membrane- delicate layer that allows blood vessels to pass through

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15
Q

Arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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16
Q

Arterioles

A

smallest branch of an artery, connects arteries to capillaries

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17
Q

Axon

A

carry impulses away from the cell body of a neuron

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18
Q

Basophils

A

participate in the body’s inflammatory response, produce histamine- a vasodilator, and heparin- an anticoagulant

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19
Q

Biceps Brachii

A

upper arm, flexes lower arm and supinates hand

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20
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

mitral valve- between left atrium and left ventricle

also called the bicuspid valve

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21
Q

Biology

A

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.

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22
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate, below 60 beats per minute

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23
Q

Buccal Cavity

A

mouth

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24
Q

Capillaries

A

connect arteries and venules, diffusion takes place here

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25
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

forms the walls of the heart, contracts to circulate blood

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26
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

opening between esophagus and stomach, valve

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27
Q

Carotid artery

A

on the neck on either side of the treachea

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28
Q

Cataract

A

lens becomes cloudy and opaque, leads to blindness

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29
Q

Cellular respirations

A

the use of oxygen and nurients to produce energy, water, and carbon dioxide

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30
Q

Centrosome

A

the area of cell cytoplasm that contains 2 centrioles

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31
Q

Cerebellum

A

2nd largest part of brain
below cerebrum
allows for coordination of muscle, balance, posture, and muscle tone

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32
Q

Cerebrum

A

60% of brain weight
biggest part of the brain
made of lobes and hemispheres
lobes named after the bones they lay under
hemispheres named right and left- control opposite side
functions- reasoning, cognition, memory, judgement, speech, sensation, sight, smell, hearing, voluntary movement

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33
Q

Cervix of Uterus

A

entrance to/ lower part of the uterus

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34
Q

Chromatin

A

inside genetic material in nucleus
make up chromosomes
most normal humans have 23 pairs

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35
Q

Cilia

A

hairlike projections, help perform peristalsis

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36
Q

Ciliary Body

A

line the Fallopian tubes

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37
Q

Circulatory system

A

cardiovascular system
consists of heart, blood vessels and blood
transports oxygen and nutrients to all the body cells
transports CO2 and metabolic waste away

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38
Q

Circumduction

A

move in a circle at a joint

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39
Q

Cirrhosis

A

liver becomes mass of scar tissue, often associated with alcoholism

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40
Q

Clotting Proteins

A

thrombocytes, platelets

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41
Q

Cochlea

A

snail shaped section of the inner ear, contains the organ of corti

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42
Q

Color of blood

A

clear

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43
Q

Conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that lines eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera of the eye

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44
Q

Connective Tissue

A 
soft- loose connective tissue- holes in it
adipose tissue
large number of fat cells in it
warmth, cushion, energy
hard- supports and strengthens 
bones, cartilage
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45
Q

Contractility

A

ability of muscles to contract

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46
Q

Contracture

A

tightening or shortening of a muscle

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47
Q

Cornea

A

transparent section of the sclera, allows light rays to enter the eye

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48
Q

Coronal Plane

A 
front half and back half
anterior- front part of body
also called ventral
posterior- back half of body
also called dorsal
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49
Q

Coronary Artery

A

first branch of the aorta, right and left, carries blood to the myocardium

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50
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

contains the brain

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51
Q

Deltoid

A

shoulder, abducts arm, injection site

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52
Q

Dendrite

A

carry impulses toward the cell body or a neuron

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53
Q

Diaphysis

A 
shaft of the long bone
middle part, between ends
filled with yellow marrow
made of adipose tissue 
absorbs shock
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54
Q

Diarthosis

A

joint, aslo called synovial
most amount of movement
shoulders, hips, fingers, toes..

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55
Q

Diastolic

A

measurement of blood pressure when the heart is at rest, constant pressure of the arteries

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56
Q

Diencephalon

A

located between the cerebrum and the brain stem
thalamus- relay point for all impulses
impulses must go through this to reach brain
hypothalamus
controls ANS
temperature, appetite, water balance, sleep, blood vessel constriction and dilation

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57
Q

Digestive system

A

gastrointestinal system, responsible for physical and chemical breakdown of food

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58
Q

Distal

A

most distant, farthest from the trunk or midline

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59
Q

Dorsal

A

pertaining to the back of, in back of

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60
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A 
posterior cavity-in your back
Cranial cavity
totally protected by bone
houses the brain
spinal cavity
runs down center of back
protected by vertebrae
holds the spinal cord
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61
Q

Dura mater

A

outer layer of the meninges, very protective

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62
Q

Dyspnea

A

difficult or labored breathing

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63
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

motor nerves, carry impulses FROM brain to muscles and glands

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64
Q

Ejaculatory ducts

A

in a male, the duct or tube from the seminal vesicle to the urethra

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65
Q

Elasticity

A

allows muscle to return to its original state

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66
Q

Embolus

A

a blood clot or mass that moves through the blood vessels

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67
Q

Endocrine System

A

group of ductless glands that create hormones that go into the bloodstream and to target tissue

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68
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

smooth and rough
transportation mechanism
rough plays role in protein synthesis
ribosomes imbedded in walls

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69
Q

Endosteum

A

membrane that lines entire inside of bone

under diaphysis and into epiphysis

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70
Q

Eosinophils

A

type of leukocyte, remove toxins and defend the body against allergic reations by creating antihistamines

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71
Q

Epididymis

A

tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac, connects the testes with the vas deferens

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72
Q

Epilepsy

A 
abnormal electrical conduction in brain
genetics, lack of oxygen, brain tumors, carbon monoxide poisoning
variety of types of seizures
eyes gazing off to whole body
procedure in emergency notes
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73
Q

Epiphysis

A

ends of the long bone, contains red marrow

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74
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

tissue that forms the skin and parts of the secreting glands, lines the body cavities

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75
Q

Erythrocytes

A 
red blood cells
no nucleus
hemoglobin
very large
shaped like werther's caramels
carry oxygen and CO2
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76
Q

Excitability

A

irritability, ability to react/respond to stimuli

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77
Q

Extensibility

A

ability to be stretched

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78
Q

Extension

A

increasing the angle between two parts, straightening a limb

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79
Q

External respirations

A

taking air in and letting it out of the lungs

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80
Q

factors influencing BP

A

increase- excitement, anxiety, nervous tension, exercise, eating, pain, obesity, smoking, stimulant drugs
decrease- rest or sleep, depressant drugs, shock, dehydration, hemorrhage, fasting

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81
Q

Factors influencing temperature

A

increase- illness, infection, exercise, excitement, high environment temp
decrease- starvation or fasting, sleeping, decreased muscle activity, mouth breathing, exposure to cold temperatures, certain diseases

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82
Q

false ribs

A

Pairs 8, 9, and 10
do not attach directly to sternum
attach through rib 7

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83
Q

fascia

A

tough sheetlike membrane that covers and protects tissue

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84
Q

femoral artery

A

inner aspect of the upper thigh where thigh joins the trunk of the body

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85
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle between two parts, bending a limb

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86
Q

floating ribs

A

11 and 12

don’t attach to anything but vertebrae

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87
Q

fontanels

A

area between the cranial bones where the bones have not fused together, “soft spots” on the skull of an infant

88
Q

frontal plane

A

coronal plane, imaginary line that separates the body into front and back sections

89
Q

function of bile

A

used to digest fats

90
Q

Functions of Thrombocytes

A

clot blood, repair damaged areas with platelet plugs

91
Q

fundus of uterus

A

top section of the uterus where the Fallopian tubes attach

92
Q

Gastrocnemius

A

back of lower leg, flexes and supinates sole of the foot

93
Q

Gluteus maximus

A

buttocks, extends and rotates thigh, injection site

94
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

produces, stores, packages secretions from the cell

95
Q

hard palate

A

bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth

96
Q

Hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body, seen often in stroke patients

97
Q

Hemoglobin

A

iron containing protein of the red blood cells, serves to carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

98
Q

Inferior

A

below, under

99
Q

Insertion

A

end that moves when a muscle contracts

100
Q

Integumentary system

A

pertaining to the skin or a covering, also contains glands

101
Q

Internal respirations

A

exchange of oxygen and CO2 between tissues and blood

102
Q

Involuntary muscles

A

independent action not controlled by choice or desire

103
Q

iris

A

colored portion of the eye, made of muscular tissue that regulates the size of the pupil

104
Q

Joints

A

articulation, place where two bones meet or join

105
Q

Lateral

A

pertaining to the side

106
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

spine around to chest, extends and adducts upper arm

107
Q

left atrium

A

recieves oxygenated blood from the lungs

108
Q

left ventricle

A

recieves blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta for transport to body cells

109
Q

lens

A

crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil of the eye, refracts or bends light rays into the retina

110
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cell, uses phagocytosis

111
Q

ligament

A

fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

112
Q

linings of uterus

A

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

113
Q

lymphatic system

A

works with the cardiovascular

removes waste and excess fluids from the body tissues

114
Q

lymphocytes

A

provide immunity for the body by developing antibodies, protect against the formation of cancer cells

115
Q

lysosome

A

in the cytoplasm, contain digestive enzymes to digest and destroy old cell, bacteria, and foreign matter

116
Q

medial

A

pertaining to the middle or midline

117
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

connects directly to spinal cord
if damaged, death is probably instantaneous
heartbeat, respirations, swallowing, coughing, blood pressure

118
Q

medullary cavity

A

center of the long bone
inside the diaphysis
filled with yellow marrow

119
Q

meninges

A

membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
dura mater- outer layer, very protective
arachnoid membrane- delicate layer that allows blood vessels to pass through
pia mater- thin, covers brain, everything the brain needs enters here

120
Q

midbrain

A

between the cerebrum and the brain stem

controls eyes

121
Q

midsagittal plane

A

imaginary line drawn through the midline of the body to divide it into right and left sides, follows sagittal suture of skull

122
Q

mitochondria

A

provide energy, involved in metabolism of the cell

123
Q

mitral valve

A

flap of cusp between the left atrium and the left ventricle, also called bicuspid valve

124
Q

muscle tissue

A

body tissue composed of fibers that produce movement

125
Q

muscle tone

A

state of partial muscle contraction providing a state of readiness to act

126
Q

myelin

A

lipid/fat covering on an axon in a neuron

127
Q

Neurilemma

A

membrane sheath around axon of myelinated nerve fibers

128
Q

Neuron

A

cannot touch each other
synapse- space between neurons that allows impulses to jump from axon to dendrite
this occurring is an impulse
basic structural unit of the nervous system
parts
cell body- soma
nucleus
nerve fibers
dendrites- carry impulses to from the soma
axon-carry impulses away from the soma
cannot reproduce- amitotic

129
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytize bacteria by secreting an enzyme called lysozyme

130
Q

Nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus
role in cell reproduction
RNA & protein synthesis
ribosomes made here

131
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

sense of smell, sense it in liquid form

132
Q

orbital cavity

A

eye socket

133
Q

Order of large intestine

A

cecum, colon(ascending, transverse, Descending, sigmoid), rectum

134
Q

organ of Corti

A

structure in the cochlea, organ of hearing

135
Q

organelle

A

structures in the cytoplasm of a cell (nucleus, mitochondria…)

136
Q

origin

A

end of a muscle that does not move

137
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads/ endocrine glands that produce hormones and the female sex cell(ovum)

138
Q

Pancreas

A

gland that is dorsal to the stomach, secretes pancreatic juices and insulin

139
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of the lower half of the body

140
Q

parasympathetic system

A

pulls you back down after fight-or-flight/adrenaline response

141
Q

pathrophysiology

A

study of how disease occurs and the responses of living organisms to disease processes

142
Q

pectoralis major

A

upper chest, adducts and flexes upper arm

143
Q

pelvic cavity

A

pelvic cavity- sits in pelvic girdle- hip bones

reproductive organs, bladder, bit of colon

144
Q

perineum

A

region between the anus and the vagina in a female and the scrotum and anus of a male

145
Q

peripheral pulse sites

A

temporal(side of forehead), carotid(neck), Brachial(elbow crease), radial(inside of wrist), femoral(inner upper thigh), popliteal(behind knee), dorsalis pedis(top of foot arch)

146
Q

pharyngeal tonsils

A

adenoid tonsils, in the nasopharynx(upper throat)

147
Q

Phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

148
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the processes or functions of living organisms

149
Q

Pia Mater

A

layer of the meninges, thin, covers brain, everything the brain needs enters here

150
Q

Pinocytic vesicle

A

pocket-like part of cell membrane

allows large proteins/ fats to enter cell

151
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes, cell fragments that work to repair damaged areas

152
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity

153
Q

Pons

A

portion of the brainstem that connects the medullas oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain, controls messages and reflex actions

154
Q

Posterior

A

toward the back, behind

155
Q

Proximal

A

closest to the point of attachment or area of reference

156
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery

157
Q

pupil

A

opening or hole in the center of the iris, allows light to enter the eye

158
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

valve that controls what leaves the stomach

159
Q

pyrexia

A

fever

160
Q

quadriceps femoris

A

front of thigh, extends leg, injection site

161
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis below the neck, all four limbs

162
Q

rectus abdominus

A

ribs to pubis(pelvis), compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column

163
Q

red marrow

A

soft tissue in the epiphysis of long bones, creates red blood cells

164
Q

respiratory system

A

lungs and air passages
takes in oxygen and removes CO2
works continuously or death is in 10-12 minutes, brain damage usually after 4-6 minutes

165
Q

retina

A

sensory membrane that lines the eye and is the immediate instrument of vision
cones- color/day vision
rods- night/dark vision

166
Q

right atrium

A

recieves blood as it returns from body cells

167
Q

right ventricle

A

recieves blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery where it goes to the lungs

168
Q

risk factors hypertension

A

family history, race, obesity, stress, smoking, age, diet high in saturated fats

169
Q

rotation

A

turning of a body part around its own axis

170
Q

Rugae

A

folds in the stomach and vagina that allow it to expand

171
Q

salivary amylase

A

an enzyme in saliva(ptyalin), begins breakdown of food

172
Q

salivary glands

A

glands of the mouth that secrete saliva, a digestive secretion

173
Q

Sartorius

A

front of thigh, abducts thigh, flexes leg

174
Q

Sclera

A

outermost layer
maintains shape of the eye
whites of the eyes
cornea found in the front of it

175
Q

scrotum

A

double pouch containing the testes and epididymis in the male individual

176
Q

semicircular canal

A

structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium

177
Q

seminal vesicles

A

2 saclike structures behind the bladder and connected to the vas deferens in the male individual, secretes thick viscous fluid for semen

178
Q

sinuses

A

cavity or air space in the bone

179
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones and causes movement

180
Q

smooth muscle

A

visceral, found in the internal organs

181
Q

skeletal system

A

made of organs called bones, adult has 206, serves as a framework for muscles, fat(adipose tissue), and skin
produces blood cells in red marrow
ends of long bones, flat bones
protects internal structures
Stores calcium, phosphorus, and adipose tissue

182
Q

somatic system

A

carries messages between the central nervous system and the body

183
Q

spinal cavity

A

holds the spinal cord

184
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

side of neck, turns and flexes head

185
Q

structure of Fallopian tubes

A

5 inches long, attached to fundus of uterus, ends are just above ovaries w/ finger like projections called fimbriae- move ovum into Fallopian tube, cillia move the ovum down the tube to the uterus

186
Q

superior

A

above, on top of, higher than

187
Q

sympathetic system

A

division of the ANS that allows the body to respond to emergencies and stress

188
Q

Synarthrosis

A

joint with no movement, suture lines in skull

189
Q

Systolic

A

measurement of blood pressure during contraction of heart

190
Q

Tachycardia

A

fast or rapid heartbeat (100+ in adults)

191
Q

Tendon

A

strong, tough, fibrous connective-tissue cords

192
Q

Testes

A

gonads or endocrine glands of the male system that are located in the scrotum of the male and produce sperm and male hormones

193
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

thoracic cavity-heart, lungs, great vessels, protected by ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula

194
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A 
after 7 cervical, next 12- thoracic vertebrae
make up chest cavity
where the ribs attach
very protective of spinal cord
T1-T12
195
Q

Thrombocytes

A

platelets, required for clotting of blood, cell fragments

196
Q

Thrombophlephitis

A

swelling of a vein caused by a blood clot

197
Q

Tibialis Anterior

A

front of lower leg, flexes and inverts foot

198
Q

Transverse plane

A

imaginary line dividing the body into top and bottom halves

199
Q

Trapezius

A

upper back and neck, extends head, moves shoulder

200
Q

Triceps brachii

A

upper arm, extends and adducts lower arm

201
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

flap or cusp between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart

202
Q

true ribs

A

1st seven pairs, attach directly to sternum

203
Q

urinary system

A

excretory system, removes certain wastes and excess water from the body, maintains pH levels

204
Q

Varicose veins

A

distended, swollen veins

205
Q

vas deferens

A

ductus deferens, the tube that carries sperm and semen from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the male body

206
Q

veins

A

blood vessel that carries blood to the heart

207
Q

ventral

A

pertaining to the front, or anterior, part of the body, in front of

208
Q

ventral cavity

A

anterior cavities
thoracic cavity-heart, lungs, great vessels, protected by ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula
abdominal cavity- begins at inferior surface of the diaphragm
stomach, liver, spleen, colon
different in that it is totally protected by muscle
pelvic cavity- sits in pelvic girdle- hip bones
reproductive organs, bladder, bit of colon

209
Q

ventricles

A

lower chambers of the heart

210
Q

venules

A

smallest type of vein, connects capillaries and veins

211
Q

vestibule

A

small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal

212
Q

villi

A

tiny projections from the surface of the small intestine, aid in nutrient absorption

213
Q

voluntary muscles

A

muscles under your control (biceps, quads…)

214
Q

ways to take temperature

A

oral(mouth), rectal(anus), axillary(armpit), aural(ear), temporal(forehead scan)

215
Q

yellow marrow

A

soft fatty tissue in the diaphyses of long bones

HOE (11 decks)

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