29 al-ras

Question 1

central nervous sys includes:

Answer 1

brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem)
spinal cord
nerves

Question 2

peripheral nervous sys includes:

Answer 2

somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system transmits sensory and motor signals to and from the central nervous system.

Question 3

cerebellum controls:

brainstem:

Answer 3

balance and body movements

controls all the life functions including cardiac and respiratory systems, and nerve function

Question 4

spinal cord carries messages between brain and body via grey and white matter.
the grey matter is made up of:

Answer 4

neural cell bodies and synapses (connections between cells)

Question 5

white matter is consists of:

Answer 5

fiber pathways

Question 6

brain and spinal cord cells are easily injured and once injured can/can not be regenerated/reproduced:

Answer 6

can NOT

Question 7

CNS is protected by the ____, 3 layers of tissue that suspend the brain and spinal cord within the skull and spinal canal.

Answer 7

meninges

Question 8

PNS has two parts:

Answer 8

31 pairs of spinal nerves (sensory pulses from the skin and organs)

12 pairs of cranial nerves (emerge from teh brainstem and transmit info to/from the brain), performs such things as sight, smell, taste, hearing, face expressions.

Question 9

brachial plexus controls the:

lumbosacral plexus controls the:

Answer 9

arms

legs

Question 10

nervous system that controls our voluntary activities, coordinated muscle activity:

Answer 10

somatic (voluntary) nervous sys

Question 11

skull has two groups bones:

Answer 11

cranium

face bones

Question 12

spinal column has __ bones (vertebrae), divided into five sections:

Answer 12

33

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Question 13

vertebrae connected by ligaments and separated by cushions called:

Answer 13

intervertebral disks

Question 14

injury to the head but no opening to the brain:

Answer 14

closed head injury
(open of course would be the brain is exposed)

Question 15

even small scalp lacerations can result in significant blood loss because the face and scalp have_______.
this can lead to hypovolemic shock, esp in children.

Answer 15

unusually rich bl supplies

Question 16

high energy direct trauma to the head can cause ____skull fractures and ____ skull fractures.
watch out for fractures to the thinner frontal and parietal bones which can be driven into the brain when fractured.

Answer 16

depressed skull fractures

basilar skull fractures

Question 17

signs of a basilar skull fracture:

Answer 17

CSF fluid from nose/ears (which can lead to risk of bacterial meningitis)

raccoon eyes

battle sign (bruising behind ear)

Question 18

which of the following nerves allow sensory and motor impulses to be sent from one nerve to another:

somatic (nope not this one)
connecting
peripheral
autonomic

Question 19

the most important immediate treatment for patients with a head injury regardless of severity:

Answer 19

establish adequate airway?

Question 20

common signs of a skull fracture include all of these EXCEPT:

mastoid bruising (battle sign)

ecchymosis around eyes

skull deformity

superficial skull fracturess

Answer 20

superficial skull fractures

Question 21

which of the following statements regarding secondary brain injury is correct:

results from brain trauma following impact to brain

because cerebral edema develops quickly, its considered a primary injury

hypoxia and hypotension are the 2 most common causes of secondary brain injury

signs often present right after impact to head

Answer 21

hypotension and hypoxia are the 2 most common causes

Question 22

secondary brain injuries are a multitude of processes that increase the severity of a primary brain injury.
secondary brain injuries can be caused by:

Answer 22

cerebral edema

intracranial hemorrhage

increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

cerebral ischemia

infection

Question 23

which of the following nerves carries information from the body to the brain via the spinal cord:

motor (not this one)
central
sensory
somatic

Question 24

when activated the sympathetic nervous system produces all of the fllwign except:

pupillary constriction
increased HR
shunting of bl to vital organs (was not this answer)
dilation of bronchiole smooth muscle

Answer 24

answer:?

the sympathetic nervous system can accelerate heart rate, widen bronchial passages, decrease motility (movement) of the large intestine, constrict blood vessels, cause pupil dilation, activate goose bumps, start sweating and raise blood pressure.

Question 25

in head injury, seeing hypertension, bradycardia, and biot respirations indicate:

Answer 25

brain stem herniation

Question 26

ptnt with a head injury and abnormal flexion of extremities has what numerical value for motor response (Glasgow scale):

Answer 26

3

Question 27

ptnt with head injry and leaking fluid from right ear, indicates:

Answer 27

rupture of tympanic membrane

Question 28

while assessing conscious ptnt with suspected spinal cord injury you should:

determine if the strength in all extremities is equal

rule out spinal injury if the ptnt denies neck pain

defer spinal immobilization if the ptnt is in ambulatory (in route?)

ask the ptnt to move the head to assess for pain

Answer 28

determine if the strength in all extremities is equal

Question 29

when conrolling bleeding from a scalp laceration w/a suspected skull fracture:

Answer 29

avoid excessive pressure when applying the bandage

Question 30

during primary assessment semi conscious 30 yr old ptnt w/slow irregular breathing and slow bounding pulse. your partner maintains in-line stabilization of her head, you should:

perform a focused secondary assessment of the head and neck (not this one)

instruct him to assist ventilations

apply 100% O2 with non-rebreather mask and get vitals

place her on a longboard and prepare for rapid transport

Question 31

cerebrum contains __% of the brains total volume

Answer 31

75%

Question 32

dysphagia is:

Answer 32

difficulty swallowing

stroke can cause dysphagia

Question 33

orthostatic hypotension:

Answer 33

BP drops suddenly after standing from a seating or lying down position

Question 34

decreased mentation:

Answer 34

same as decreased mental function

Question 35

ecchymosis:

Answer 35

bruising

Question 36

abnormal posturing decorticate vs decerebrate

Answer 36

rigid body movements or chronic abnormal body positions. decorticate is stiff with bent arms, clenched fists, curled wrists against chest, legs out straight.

decerebrate is arms and legs held straight out, toes pointed downward, flexed wrists (straight arms), head and neck arched back.

Question 37

diff between Cheyne stokes and Biot respirations:

Answer 37

Also known as Biot’s respirations, cluster breathing involves groups of rapid, shallow breathing, after which periods of apnea then follow. Unlike Cheyne-Stokes respiration, it does not involve cycles of deep breathing or gradual changes in breathing patterns

Question 38

Cushing triade:

Answer 38

The Cushing reflex is a physiological nervous system response to acute elevations of intracranial pressure (ICP), resulting in the Cushing triad of widened pulse pressure (increasing systolic, decreasing diastolic) bradycardia, and irregular respirations

Question 39

a helmet that fits well prevents the head from moving and should be left on (true/false)

Answer 39

true -
as long as their are no airway problems, it doesn’t interfere with ventilation, you can properly mobilize the spine.
the patient is in cardiac arrest.

AND its not a full-face helmet. these ARE removed (would interfere with ventilating interventions)

consult w/med control about decision to remove a helmet (that is in the national registry book, but not a known MD protocol by instructor)