Tubular Proteinuria

Question 1

What is a potential cause of tubular proteinuria?

A) Allergies to certain foods
B) Excessive intake of vitamin C
C) Exposure to toxic substances, heavy metals and fanconi syndrome
D) Genetic predisposition

Answer 1

C) Exposure to toxic substances, heavy metals and fanconi syndrome

Question 2

In the context of post-renal proteinuria if protein is added to the urine, where in the urinary tract is the likely source?

A) Glomerulus
B) Proximal tubule
C) Distal tubule
D) Lower urinary tract

Answer 2

D) Lower urinary tract

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true regarding tubular proteinuria?

A) Tubular proteinuria leads to a decrease in albumin levels.
B) Tubular proteinuria has no effect on albumin levels.
C) Tubular proteinuria may result in an increase in albumin levels.
D) Tubular proteinuria is unrelated to albumin levels.

Answer 3

C) Tubular proteinuria may result in an increase in albumin levels.

Question 4

In the context of tubular proteinuria, which statement is accurate?

A) Markedly elevated protein levels are commonly observed in tubular disorders.

B) Markedly elevated protein levels are seldom seen in tubular disorders.

C) Tubular proteinuria is exclusively associated with glomerular disorders.

D) Tubular proteinuria is unrelated to protein excretion in the urine.

Answer 4

B) Markedly elevated protein levels are seldom seen in tubular disorders.

Question 5

Which of the following conditions is associated with post-renal proteinuria?

A) Diabetes mellitus
B) Hypertension
C) Bacterial and fungal infections
D) Glomerulonephritis

Answer 5

C) Bacterial and fungal infections

Question 6

What is the typical range for microalbuminuria testing?

A) 10 to 100 mg of albumin in 24 hours
B) 50 to 500 μg.min AER
C) 30 to 300 mg of albumin in 24 hours or 20 to 200 μg.min AER
D) 100 to 500 μg.min AER

Answer 6

C) 30 to 300 mg of albumin is excreted in 24 hours or the AER is 20 to 200 μg.min.

Question 7

What is the outcome of the Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Testing when a conjugated enzyme reacts with the substrate?

A) Blue color
B) Yellow color
C) Green color
D) White to red color

Answer 7

D) White to red color

Question 8

What is the result range for Sulfosalicylic Acid Precipitation Testing when obtaining 1-minute results?

A) 0 to 5 mg/dL
B) 0 to 10 mg/dL
C) 5 to 15 mg/dL
D) 10 to 20 mg/dL

Answer 8

B) 0 to 10 mg/dL

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding glucose is true?

A) Glycosuria is expected in a nonfasting normal person.
B) Glycosuria is a common condition in fasting individuals.
C) Glycosuria indicates low blood glucose levels.
D) Glycosuria is unrelated to dietary habits.

Answer 9

A) Glycosuria is expected in a nonfasting normal person.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about glucose testing is correct?

A) Glucose specimens are typically tested before meals.
B) Glucose specimens are usually tested 2 hours before meals.
C) Glucose specimens are typically tested 2 hours after meals.
D) Glucose specimens are not affected by the timing of meals.

Answer 10

C) Glucose specimens are typically tested 2 hours after meals.

Question 11

When does gestational diabetes typically occur?

A) First month of pregnancy
B) Third month of pregnancy
C) Sixth month of pregnancy
D) Ninth month of pregnancy

Answer 11

C) Sixth month of pregnancy

Question 12

What is a common association with elevated levels of glucose?

A) Increased insulin sensitivity and hypoglycemia
B) Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia
C) Enhanced glucose utilization and normoglycemia
D) Reduced pancreatic function and hypoglycemia

Answer 12

B) Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia

Question 13

What is a potential risk associated with high maternal glucose levels during pregnancy?

A) Increased risk of gestational hypertension
B) Decreased risk of macrosomia
C) Reduced risk of type 2 diabetes in the child
D) Increased risk of a large baby (macrosomia) at risk for obesity and later type 2 diabetes

Answer 13

D) Increased risk of a large baby (macrosomia) at risk for obesity and later type 2 diabetes

Question 14

Which of the following statements is true regarding glucose?

A) Glucose is primarily found in meat products.
B) Glucose is a type of fat commonly found in dairy.
C) Glucose is frequently found in the urine of nursing mothers.
D) Glucose is a type of vitamin essential for bone health.

Answer 14

C) Glucose is frequently found in the urine of nursing mothers.

Question 15

What are the primary components of ketones?

A) Acetone (2%), acetoacetic acid (20%), and β-hydroxybutyrate (78%)
B) Ethanol, methanol, and propanol
C) Glucose, fructose, and sucrose
D) Nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid

Answer 15

A) Acetone (2%), acetoacetic acid (20%), and β-hydroxybutyrate (78%)

Question 16

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between ketones and insulin?

A) Ketonuria indicates a deficiency in insulin, signaling the need for dosage regulation.

B) Ketonuria is a normal physiological response to increased insulin levels.

C) Elevated ketone levels suggest optimal insulin function and blood glucose control.

D) Ketonuria is unrelated to insulin levels and does not impact diabetes management.

Answer 16

A) Ketonuria indicates a deficiency in insulin, signaling the need for dosage regulation.

Question 17

What consequences can result from the increased accumulation of ketones in the blood?

A) Enhanced cognitive function
B) Improved hydration
C) Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, acidosis, and diabetic coma
D) Decreased blood sugar levels

Answer 17

C) Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, acidosis, and eventual diabetic coma

Question 18

What role do ketones play in diabetes management?

A) They indicate optimal insulin dosage in type 1 diabetes.
B) They are a late-stage indicator of excessive insulin dosage.
C) They serve as an early indicator of insufficient insulin dosage in type 1 diabetes.
D) They have no relevance to diabetes management.

Answer 18

C) They serve as an early indicator of insufficient insulin dosage in type 1 diabetes.

Question 19

Which term is used to describe the presence of intact red blood cells in urine?

A) Hematuria
B) Cloudy red urine
C) Erythrocytosis
D) Hemoglobinuria

Answer 19

A) Hematuria

Question 20

What is hematuria most closely related to?

A) Respiratory disorders
B) Gastrointestinal disorders
C) Cardiovascular disorders
D) Renal or genitourinary disorders

Answer 20

D) Renal or genitourinary disorders

Question 21

Which of the following conditions is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells and the presence of clear red specimens in the urine?

A) Leukemia
B) Hemochromatosis
C) Hemoglobinuria
D) Thrombocytopenia

Answer 21

C) Hemoglobinuria

Question 22

Which of the following statements is true regarding hemoglobinuria?

A) It is caused by the synthesis of red blood cells in the urinary tract.
B) It occurs in concentrated, acidic urine.
C) Hemoglobinuria results from the lysis of red blood cells in dilute, alkaline urine.
D) It is unrelated to the presence of hemoglobin in the urine.

Answer 22

C) Hemoglobinuria results from the lysis of red blood cells in dilute, alkaline urine.

Question 23

Which of the following is associated with large yellow-brown granules of denatured ferritin called hemosiderin?

A) Leukopenia
B) Hematuria
C) Hemoglobinuria
D) Hemoptysis

Answer 23

C) Hemoglobinuria

Question 24

What is the primary cause of red-brown urine in the condition known as myoglobinuria?

A) Heme-containing muscle destruction
B) Rhabdomyolysis muscle destruction and red-brown urine
C) Hematuria due to kidney injury
D) Bilirubin accumulation in the urine

Answer 24

B) Rhabdomyolysis muscle destruction and red-brown urine