Bilirubin Production Flashcards
What does bilirubin production provide an early indication of?
A) Cardiovascular disease
B) Respiratory infection
C) Liver disease/jaundice
D) Muscular dystrophy
C) Liver disease/jaundice
What is the process of bilirubin production, starting with liberated hemoglobin?
- Liberated hemoglobin undergoes breakdown into its component parts – iron, protein, and protoporphyrin.
- Protoporphyrin is then converted to bilirubin, which binds to albumin and is eventually processed by the liver.
In the context of bilirubin production, which organ is unable to excrete bilirubin due to its water-insoluble nature?
A) Liver
B) Kidney
C) Pancreas
D) Spleen
B) Kidney
What is the primary organ responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin with glucuronic acid?
- Liver = bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid (glucuronyl trasferase) = water soluble bilirubin diglucuronide (conjugated bilirubin) = feces
In what conditions can conjugated bilirubin appear in the urine?
post-hepatic jaundice, gallstones, or cancer, indicating liver damage (hepatic jaundice)**.
What is a common association with increased bilirubin production?
A) Hypertension and diabetes
B) Asthma and bronchitis
C) Hepatitis and cirrhosis
D) Osteoporosis and arthritis
C) Hepatitis and cirrhosis
Which of the following combinations contributes to the brown color of feces?
A) Biliverdin + urobilin
B) Hemoglobin + stercobilin
C) Stercobilin + urobilinogen
D) Bilirubin + urobilinogen
C) Stercobilin + urobilinogen
Which of the following statements regarding urobilinogen in urine is correct?
A) Urobilinogen appears in the urine, and its normal concentration is below 1mg/dl according to the Ehrlich method.
B) Urobilinogen is absent in the urine, as it is not a normal constituent.
C) Urobilinogen levels in the urine are typically higher than 1mg/dl, as measured by the Ehrlich method.
D) Urobilinogen levels in the urine are unrelated to the Ehrlich method and cannot be quantified accurately.
A) Urobilinogen appears in the urine, and its normal concentration is below 1mg/dl according to the Ehrlich method.
What does an elevated level of urobilinogen (>1 mg/dL) in the urine typically indicate?
A) Kidney dysfunction
B) Normal physiological variation
C) Liver disease
D) Hemolytic disorders
C) Liver disease
Which condition is most likely to result in an absence of urobilinogen?
A) Liver cirrhosis
B) Hemolytic anemia
C) Obstruction of the bile duct
D) Normal physiological state
C) Obstruction of the bile duct
What can happen if an initial bladder infection (cystitis) caused by Nitrite is left untreated?
A) Improved bladder function
B) Reduced risk of kidney inflammation
C) Development of pyelonephritis, an inflammatory process of the kidney and adjacent renal pelvis
D) Decreased likelihood of future infections
C) Development of pyelonephritis, an inflammatory process of the kidney and adjacent renal pelvis
Which of the following conditions is associated with Nitrite in urine?
A) Common cold
B) Allergic reaction
C) Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
D) High blood pressure
C) Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
What is the role of nitrite in bacterial metabolism?
A) Nitrite serves as a substrate for bacterial respiration.
B) Nitrite acts as a signaling molecule in bacterial communication.
C) Nitrite is a product of bacterial fermentation.
D) Nitrite is reduced by bacteria using the enzyme reductase.
D) Nitrite is reduced by bacteria using the enzyme reductase.
When is the optimal time to collect a urine sample for testing nitrite levels?
A) 1st morning urine
B) 4 hours after bladder voiding
C) Both A and B
D) Neither A nor B
C) Both A and B
Which statement about nitrite conversion to nitrogen is accurate?
A) Nitrite conversion to nitrogen is a false positive.
B) Nitrite conversion to nitrogen is a true positive.
C) Nitrite to nitrogen conversion is a false negative.
D) Nitrite to nitrogen conversion is a true negative.
C) Nitrite to nitrogen conversion is a false negative.
