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biopsychology > studying the brain > Flashcards

studying the brain Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main focus of neuroscience

A

studying the brain

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2
Q

what does studying the brain give an insight into

A

insight into fundamental behaviours and mental processes

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3
Q

how many methods are there to studying the brain

A

4

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4
Q

what are the main methods of studying the brain

A
  • post mortem examinations
  • fMRI
  • EEG
  • ERP
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5
Q

what does fMRI stand for

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

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6
Q

what does EEG stand for

A

electroencephalogram

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7
Q

what does ERP stand for

A

event related potentials

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8
Q

what are post mortem examinations used for

A

used to establish underlying neurobiology of particular behaviour when person was living

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9
Q

using this way of studying the brain - establishing underlying neurobiology of particular behaviours when person was living - what type of method is this?

A

post mortem examination

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10
Q

what is an example of a post mortem examination in psychology

A

Broca’s area whereby Louis Victor Leborgne brain was used to identify that are relating to speed development

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11
Q

what has the post mortem examinations led to

A

identification of brain structures involved in memory (HM - hippocampus)

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12
Q

what does fMRI measure

A

measures changes in blood flow in areas of the brain

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13
Q

what do fMRI scans show

A

show the areas of brain which are active

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14
Q

what do changes in blood flow within brain indicate on fMRI

A

indicate neural activity

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15
Q

what does increased blood flow mean on fMRI

A

increased blood flow means active areas of the brain - increasing demand for oxygen

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16
Q

what are the coloured areas of the brain on an fMRI

A

the coloured areas on the scan highlight the areas which are currently being activated due to increase demand in oxygen - for example individual was asked to partake in problem solving activity then area of brain will light up

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17
Q

what does the fMRI scan look at

A

looking at the function of the brain

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18
Q

what do EEG’s do

A

measures electrical activity within the brain over long period of time

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19
Q

what is used to perform EEG

A

an EEG cap with electrodes on to detect any activity within brain

20
Q

how is activity within brain detected through using EEG

A

the cap uses electrodes to detect small electrical charges which is due to activity of brain cells

21
Q

Q
what data is produced from EEG
A

A

signals from the measurement is mapped over time - highlighting two areas including left and right side of the brain and eyeballs

22
Q

what is EEG data used for

A

EEG data is used to detect or diagnose various brain disorders that influence brain activity

23
Q

what is a disorder an EEG may be able to diagnose or detect

A

Alzheimers

24
Q

there are 4 basic EEG patterns, name them

A
  • alpha waves
  • beta waves
  • delta waves
  • theta waves
25
Q

what are the 4 EEG patterns

A

alpha waves, beta waves, delta waves and theta waves

26
Q

when a person is awake what type of EEG pattern is recorded

A

when person is awake ALPHA waves are recorded

27
Q

when person is physiologically aroused what EEG patterns can be found

A

low amplitude and fast frequency BETA waves can be found

28
Q

when individual falls asleep what type of EEG patterns are found (what pattern decreases)

A

ALPHA weaves decrease and are replaced with lower frequency THETA waves and DELTA waves

29
Q

in sleep what EEG pattern is found in REM sleep

A

BETA waves

30
Q

what does REM sleep mean

A

stage were most dreams occur, individuals eyes move rapidly back and forth

31
Q

what do ERPs measure

A

ERPs measure the electrical activity in brain in response to spcific events or stimuli

32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: ERPs are time stamped segments of EEGs relating to specific event

A

TRUE

33
Q

ERPs can be divided in to how many categories

A

2

34
Q

what are the 2 categories ERPs can be split into

A
  • waves in first 100ms after presentation are ‘sensory’ ERPs reflecting on initial response
  • waves after first 100ms are ‘cognitive’ ERPs that demonstrate processing of reflecting and evaluating
35
Q

what are the strengths regarding post mortem examinations

A
  • allows detailed examination which is not possible with other methods of studying brain
36
Q

what are the limitations regarding post mortem examinations

A
  • time and matter of death may impact findings on brain
  • length of time between death and post mortem can impact
  • retrospective because can only be done following individuals death
37
Q

strengths regarding fMRI scanning

A
  • non invasive and does not expose brain to harmful radiation (PET does)
  • reliable and objective measure of processes
38
Q

limitations of using fMRI to study brain

A
  • no direct measure of neural activity because it measures blood flow
  • argued that it overlooks networked nature of brain activity - focusing on localised activity
  • doesnt measure communication - seen as critical brain function
39
Q

strengths for using EEG as way of studying brain

A
  • provides recording in real time - accurately measures activity or task and brain activity associated with it
  • useful in clinical diagnosis - diagnose epilepsy as EEG will change due to disturbed brain activity
40
Q

limitations of using EEG to study brain

A
  • cannot reveal deeper regions without implanting electrodes
  • can pick up neighbouring electrode activity - seen as unreliable
41
Q

strengths of ERP when studying brain

A
  • continuous measure of processing - determine how processing is affected by specific experimental manipulation
  • able to measure processing of stimuli even in absence of behavioural response
42
Q

limitations of using ERP to study the brain

A
  • requires large number of trails to gain meaningful data
  • only sufficiently strong voltage charges generated across scalp are recordable (missing out on deep activity which may be valuable) - restricted
43
Q

ERPs are measured through using…

A

EEG cap

44
Q

what is the difference between EEG and ERP

A

EEGs are continuous measure of electrical brain activity whereas ERPs are segments of EEG data which are time locked to specific events of interest

45
Q

what does cortical specialisation mean

A

cortical specialisation means different areas of the brain responsible for different activities or behaviours

biopsychology (11 decks)

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