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Principles of Sociology > lecture 11: Education > Flashcards

lecture 11: Education Flashcards

1
Q

history of mass education

A
  • 300yrs ago with only nobels and wealthy able to access it
  • few professions requiring extensive schooling
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2
Q

mass education today

A

a universal feature
of European and North American life by
the early 20th century

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3
Q

mass education statistics

A
  • 1/5th of Canadians are in institutions currently
  • over 5 million in school
  • 2.5 million in college and university
  • 13.5% of worlds people are illiterate
  • 774 million people can’t read or write
  • 63% of the worlds people being illiterate are women
  • 54% of canadians (age 25-64) had certificate, diploma or college/uni degree
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4
Q

goal of mass education

A

universal literacy

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5
Q

eurocentrism and mass education

A

European people nobility were those who predominantly had educations
- Creation of residential schools

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6
Q

origins of public education

A

Ryerson
1844-1855: toured europe to study
1846: Published Report on a system of public
elementary education for Upper Canada

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7
Q

what was Ryerson’s conclusion of public education?

A
  • Schools should be free, mandatory for all children
  • Teach Christian morals

Post-secondary education: society would be improved through religion and education promoted through denominational universities

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8
Q

rise of mass education

A
  • replaced family and religion with centralized and rationalized system
  • created strong pressure towards uniformity and standardization
  • huge social change
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9
Q

reasons for mass education

A
  1. printing press
  2. Protestantism
  3. Democracy
  4. Industrialization
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10
Q

printing press

A

Enabled literacy to spread
beyond elite circles

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11
Q

Protestantism

A

Protestants
were encouraged to read
scriptures regularly

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12
Q

Democracy

A

Led to the
demand for free education
for all children

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13
Q

Industrialization

A

Mass education is
widely recognized as an
absolute necessity for
creating an industrial
economy

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14
Q

reasons for rise of mass education:stats

A
  1. rise of
    mass schooling was
    industrialization
  2. evident that a
    highly productive
    economy requires an
    education system
  3. large enough to create a
    mass labour force
  4. rich enough to train and
    employ researchers able
    to work at the cutting
    edge of modern science
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15
Q

jobs and earnings: rise of mass education

A

Higher educational attainment helps people get jobs
and earn more

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16
Q

jobs and earnings statistics

A
  • Employment rates of university graduates are about one-third higher
    than high school graduates.
  • Average annual income is 82 percent higher than that of high
    school graduates
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17
Q

mass schooling and national wealth

A
  • widely acknowledged
    that investment in education is important step in achieving
    great national wealth
  • education is source and product of wealth
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18
Q

educational attainment

A
  • # of years of school thatstudents complete.
  • Believed to be largely an outcome of
    individual talent and hard work
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19
Q

educational achievement

A

how much students actually learn

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20
Q

sociological theories of education: functionalism

A
  1. Manifest Functions
  2. Latent (unintended) Functions
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21
Q

Manifest Functions

A
  • Sort students.
  • Train students.
  • Socialize students.
  • Transmit culture
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22
Q

Latent (unintended) Functions

A
  • Encourages development of a separate youth culture.
  • Serves as a “marriage market.”
  • Acts as a custodial service.
  • Promotes social change.
    Latent (unintended) Functions
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23
Q

Marriage Market

A

competitive forum for the establishment of long-term, intimate relations between individuals

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24
Q

Functionalist stats

A

2.1 million full-time and part-time students were enrolled in Canada’s 179 colleges

college tuition fees are generally lower than university fees and that most college students live with their parents

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25
Q

sociological theories of education: conflict theory

A
  • schools distribute educational benefits unequally
  • children from the upper classes
  • children from higher-status racial
    and ethnic groups
  • results in a
    reproduction of the societal stratification system.
26
Q

conflict theory and educational attainment

A

2/3rd of top 10% income earners have university degrees
bottom 90% don’t

27
Q

conflict theory beliefs in education

A

deny that the college system increases upward mobility and equality.

think it is the entire stratification system that is upwardly mobile

community colleges reinforce prevailing patterns of inequality by
- directing students from disadvantaged backgrounds away from universities
- decreasing the probability that they will earn a four-year degree and a high-status position

28
Q

parents social class and education

A
  1. increase in one-parent households
  2. parents who earn low income more likely to experience financial problems
29
Q

one-parent household education stats

A
  1. unable to rely on adults for
    - tutoring
    - emotional support
    - supervision
    - role-modelling
  2. 19yr olds from economically marginalized communities are 6x likely to be in raised one-parent household
30
Q

lack of cultural capital stats: education

A
  • Parents with high income are 2 1/2x as likely as parents with low incomes to have earned undergraduate degrees
31
Q

importance of cultural capital

A

university education gives people cultural capital that they can transmit to their children, thus improving their chance of financial success

32
Q

cultural capital meaning

A

widely shared, high-status cultural signals used for social and cultural exclusion

33
Q

cultural signals

A
  • attitudes
  • preferences
  • formal
  • knowledge
  • behaviours
  • goals
  • credentials
34
Q

cultural capital stats

A

families with high income are 61%x likely than those from families with low income to be enrolled in university at the age of 19

60% of 25-34yr olds whos fathers are professionals or managers attend uni

35
Q

streaming

A

academic practice where
students choose academic or applied
stream before beginning high school

36
Q

why are IQ and standardized test are employed to students?

A

channel students into:
1. high-ability (enriched)
2. middle-ability
3. low-ability

37
Q

high-ability

A

enriched

38
Q

middle-ability and low-ability

A

basic or special education

39
Q

2 factors of symbolic interactionism and education

A
  1. stereotype threat
  2. Pygmalion effect
40
Q

stereotype threat

A

negative impact of stereotypes on the school performance disadvantaged groups

41
Q

Pygmalion effect/self-fulfilling prophecy

A

high expectations lead to high-performance, low expectation leads to low performance

42
Q

symbolic interactionism facts

A
  • Students who are treated as inferior may
    come to feel rejected by teachers, other
    classmates, and the curriculum.
  • eventually reject academics achievement as a goal.
  • Discipline problems, ranging from apathy to
    disruptive and illegal behaviour
43
Q

Robinson: changing education paradigms and reasons why for change

A
  1. economic
  2. cultural
44
Q

Hidden curriculum

A

unstated or unofficial goals of the education system

45
Q

hidden curriculum: streaming stats

A

july 2020:
- Ontario Minister of Education ended streaming
- black & indigenous peoples were overrepresented in applied and essential stream
- black GTA students were discriminated from taking academic courses

46
Q

consequences of hidden curriculum

A
  1. Limited post-secondary
    options
  2. eurocentrism “universal normal”
  3. academic outcomes
47
Q

education and feminist theory facts

A
  1. women have higher grade point averages then men
  2. men receive 56% of degrees granted
  3. men receive more degrees at a PhD level
48
Q

degrees and men

A
  1. large # of men earn degrees in engineering, comsci, dentistry and specialized fields of medicine
  2. large # of women earn PhDs in education, english, foreign language, and low-paying fields compared to math and science
  3. gender gap earnings increase 1st and 5th yr of employment
49
Q

gender pay earnings gap

A
  1. education
  2. health
  3. business
50
Q

Corporatization

A

The reshaping of
universities, utilizing a business model

51
Q

corporatization facts

A
  1. Consumers of higher education paying a
    larger share of the cost of the services
    they enjoy.
  2. Universities responding to market demand for particular skills.
52
Q

history of corporatization

A
  • started 1980s
  • unis were heavily subsidized by gov
  • Academic personnel had more freedom to shape uni priorities
  • Few instructors were cost-cutting part-
    timers
53
Q

tuititon inflation

A

fell from 1965-1981
remained study in 1982-1989
began to rise rapidly

in 2017-18 average fees were 2.6x higher
consumers (students and their families) paid dearly

54
Q

canada and corporatization uni facts

A
  • gov contributes 41% of post-secondary revenue
  • tuition covers 28%
  • private doners are big corporations and their owners
55
Q

canada and corporatization

A
  • 37 well-do countries in OECD, Canada ranks 32nd in gov contribution to Canada
  • 6 northern Europeans countries govs pay more then 90% of post-secondary avenue
56
Q

uni enrollment field in canada: highest (2018 recent)

A
  1. health
    - 167k
  2. business
    - 253k
  3. architecture
    /engineering
    - 142k
  4. science
    - 139k
  5. math & computer science
    - 65k
57
Q

Canadian Schools: Public Attitudes and
International Comparison: 1979 and 2007

A

% of adult Canadians giving public
schools grades of A or B declined from 59% to 48%

58
Q

Ontario – Between 1980 and 2015

A

% of adults expressing
satisfaction with the schools rose from 51% to 60%

Canadians believe that the public school need to become
more rigorous with increased focus on
- math
- science
- language.

59
Q

Between 1979 and 2007

A

% of adult Canadians giving public
schools a grade of A or B declined from 59% to 48%

60
Q

worlds top 10 school systems

A

reading:
- Singapore
- canada
- finland

science:
- singapore
- japan
- estonia
(canada is 5th)

math:
- singapore
- taiwan
- japan
(canada is 7th)

overall:
- singapore
- japan
- estonia
(canada is 6th)

Principles of Sociology (13 decks)

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