MOOD DISORDERS Flashcards
mood disorders were formerly called affective disorders, and in all mood disorders, what dominate the clinical picture?
A) Sensory disturbances and hallucinations
B) Extremes of emotion or affect—soaring elation or deep depression
C) Cognitive impairments and memory loss
D) Motor abnormalities and physical restlessness
B) extremes of emotion or affect—soaring elation or deep depression
what is the most common form of mood disturbances?
A) depressive episode
B) manic episode
C) hypomanic episode
D) normal mood
A) depressive episode
in a depressive episode, a person is markedly depressed or has loss of interest in formerlay pleasurable activities or both for at least
A) a couple hours a day
B) 1 week
C) 2 weeks
D) one month
C) 2 weeks
which of the following is NOT a primary kind of mood episode?
A) depressive episode
B) manic episode
C) hypomanic episode
D) normal mood
D) normal mood
extreme moods seen in a manic episode must persist for how long for a diagnosis to be made?
A) a couple hours a day
B) 1 week
C) 2 weeks
D) one month
B) 1 week
in milder forms, similar kinds of symptoms of mania can lead to a diagnosis of hypomanic episode, in which a person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least
A) 4 days
B) 1 week
C) 2 weeks
D) one month
A) 4 days
Major mood disorders occur with alarming frequency—at least 15 to 20 times more frequently than _______, for example, and at almost the same rate as all the __________ taken together
A) Eating disorders; personality disorders
B) Schizophrenia; anxiety disorders
C) Neurodevelopmental disorders; sleep disorders
D) Substance use disorders; somatic symptom disorders
B) schizophrenia; anxiety disorders
of the two types of serious mood disorders,which is the most common, with its occurrence has apparently increased in recent decades
A) Bipolar disorder
B) Cyclothymic disorder
C) Dysthymic disorder
D) Major depressive disorder
D) major depressive disorder
following anxiety disorders, which disorder is the second most prevalent type of disorder?
A) Bipolar disorder
B) Cyclothymic disorder
C) Dysthymic disorder
D) mood disorders
D) mood disorders
which of the following is true regarding major depressive disorder?
A) It is more prevalent in men than in women.
B) rates are higher for women than for men
C) It is more common in younger age groups.
D) prevalence rates are the same for men and women
B) rates are higher for women than for men
the gender disparity of major depression starts in ________
A) childhood
B) middle adulthood
C) young adulthood
D) adolescence
D) adolescence
at what age does major depression seem to disappear?
A) 45
B) 30
C) 50
D) 65
D) 65
which of the following is true regarding bipolar disorder?
A) It is more prevalent in men than in women.
B) rates are higher for women than for men
C) It is more common in younger age groups.
D) prevalence rates are the same for men and women
D) prevalence rates are the same for men and women
Nationally representative surveys of U.S. residents suggest that mood disorders occur less frequently among
A) European white Americans
B) African Americans
C) Hispanics
D) Asian americans
B) African Americans
which of the following groups has epidemiologic research indicated that rates of mood disorders are NOT related to
A) African Americans
B) Native Americans
C) individuals who have high levels of accomplishments in the arts
D) socioeconomic status
A) African Americans
The hypothesis that explains the link between bipolar disorder and individuals who are artists suggests that:
A) Artists tend to have a genetic predisposition to bipolar disorder.
B) Mania or hypomania facilitates the creative process.
C) Creativity suppresses the symptoms of bipolar disorder.
D) Artists are less likely to experience mood fluctuations.
B) mania or hypomania facilitates the creative process
how many symptoms must be present according to the criteria for major depressive disorder in the DSM-5
A) all nine
B) five or more
C) three
D) seven or more
B) five or more
what is the length of time the symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder according to the DSM-5?
A) must be present during the same 1 week period
B) must be present during the same 2 week period
C) must occur for at least one hour a day for at least 2 weeks
D) must occur for at least one hour a day for at least 1 week
B) must be present during the same 2 week period
At the diagnostic level, there are very high levels of comorbidity between
A) Eating disorders and schizophrenia
B) Bipolar disorder and personality disorders
C) Anxiety and depressive disorders
D) Substance use disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders
C) Anxiety and depressive disorders
When a diagnosis of MDD is made, it is usually also specified whether this is a
A) Secondary, and therefore related to another medical condition
B) First, and therefore single (initial), episode or a recurrent episode (preceded by one or more previous episodes)
C) Acute, and therefore requiring immediate intervention
D) Chronic, and therefore persistent over an extended period
B) First, and therefore single (initial), episode or a recurrent episode (preceded by one or more previous episodes)
how long do depressive episodes typically last if untreated?
A) A few days to a week
B) Several weeks
C) 6 to 9 months
D) Indefinitely
C) 6 to 9 months
In approximately 10 to 20 percent of people with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), the symptoms do not remit for over 2 years, in which case ________ is diagnosed.
A) Bipolar Disorder
B) Persistent Depressive Disorder
C) Generalized Anxiety Disorder
D) Seasonal Affective Disorder
B) Persistent Depressive Disorder
Chronic major depression has been associated with:
A) Seasonal patterns of mood changes
B) Serious childhood family problems and an anxious personality in childhood
C) Frequent episodes of hypomania
D) High levels of social support and positive life events
B) Serious childhood family problems and an anxious personality in childhood
depressive episodes are said to remit when symptoms have largely been gone for at least
A) 4 months
B) 1 month
C) 2 weeks
D) 2 months
D) 2 months
depressive episodes usually return at some point and this return in symptoms is of one of which two types?
A) remission and recurrance
B) relapse and recurrance
C) recurrence and onset
D) episodic and ongoing
B) relapse and recurrence
refers to the return of symptoms within a fairly short period of time, a situation that probably reflects the fact that the underlying episode of depression has not yet run its course
A) remission
B) relapse
C) recurrence
D) rebound
B) relapse
what may commonly occur when pharmacotherapy is terminated prematurely—after symptoms have remitted but before the underlying episode is really over
A) remission
B) relapse
C) recurrence
D) rebound
B) relapse
refers to the onset of a new episode of
depression, occurs in approximately 40 to 50 percent of peo-ple who experience a depressive episode
A) remission
B) relapse
C) recurrence
D) rebound
C) recurrence
The probability of recurrence increases with:
A) Seasonal changes and weather patterns
B) The number of prior episodes and also when the person has comorbid disorders.
C) The availability of social support
D) Dietary habits and nutrition
B) The number of prior episodes and also when the person has comorbid disorders.
people who experience multiple depressive episodes often are ______ in between episodes
A) Symptom-free
B) Not symptom-free
C) Periodically symptomatic
D) More susceptible to anxiety disorders
B) Not symptom-free
people with some residual symptoms, or with significant psychosocial impairment, following an initial depressive epi-sode
A) Have complete remission is associated with higher recurrence rates
B) Are more likely to have recurrences than those whose symptoms remit completely
C) Experience fewer recurrences than those who dont havr residual symptoms
D) Have a decreased likelihood of future episodes
B) Are more likely to have recurrences than those whose symptoms remit completely
the onset of unipolar depressive disorders most often occurs during ______ but such reactions may begin any time from _______
A) middle adulthood; late adolescence and early adulthood
B) Late adolescence; early childhood .
C) Childhood; adolescence
D) Old age; late adulthood.
B) Late adolescence ; early childhood .
the incidence of depression rises sharply during
A) middle adulthood;
B) adolescence
C) Childhood
D) Old age
B) adolescence
at what life stage do sex differences in rates of major depression first emerge?
A) middle adulthood;
B) adolescence
C) Childhood
D) Old age
B) adolescence
which of the following is NOT true regarding MDD?
A) major depression that occurs in adolescence is very likely to recur in adulthood
B) occurrence continues into later life.
C) major depression is significantly lower in people over age 65 than in younger adults
D) major depression does not occur at all in those over age 65
D) major depression does not occur at all in those over age 65
why is MDD in later life difficult to diagnose?
A) It is less prevalent in older adults
B) Many of the symptoms overlap with those of several medical illnesses and neurocognitive disorders
C) It is easier to identify due to clearer diagnostic criteria in older age
D) The stigma associated with mental health makes it challenging for older adults to report symptoms.
B) Many of the symptoms overlap with those of several medical illnesses and neurocognitive disorders
Three of the following: early morning awakening, depression worse in the morning, marked psychomotor agitation or retardation, loss of appetite or weight, excessive guilt, qualitatively different depressed mood are Characteristic Symptoms of which specifier of Major Depressive Episodes in the DSM-5?
A) With Catatonic Features
B) With Melancholic Features
C) With Atypical Features
D) With Seasonal Pattern
B) With Melancholic Features
Mood reactivity—brightens to positive events; two of the four following symptoms: weight gain or increase in appetite, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis (arms and legs feel as heavy as lead), being acutely sensitive to interpersonal rejection
are Characteristic Symptoms of which specifier of Major Depressive Episodes in the DSM-5?
A) With Catatonic Features
B) With Melancholic Features
C) With Atypical Features
D) With Seasonal Pattern
C) With Atypical Features
A range of psychomotor symptoms from motoric immobility to extensive psychomotor activity, as well as mutism and rigidity are Characteristic Symptoms of which specifier of Major Depressive Episodes in the DSM-5?
A) With Catatonic Features
B) With Melancholic Features
C) With Atypical Features
D) With Seasonal Pattern
A) With Catatonic Features
At least two or more episodes in past 2 years that have occurred at the same time (usually fall or winter), and full remission at the same time (usually spring). No other nonseasonal episodes in the same 2-year period are Characteristic Symptoms of which specifier of Major Depressive Episodes in the DSM-5?
A) With Catatonic Features
B) With Melancholic Features
C) With Atypical Features
D) With Seasonal Pattern
D) With Seasonal Pattern
This designation is applied when, in addition to meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode, a patient either has lost interest or pleasure in almost all activities or does not react to usually pleasurable stimuli or desired events.
A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features
B) Major depressive episode with atypical features
C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features.
D) major depressive episode with melancholic features
D) major depressive episode with melancholic features
This subtype of depression is more heritable than most other forms of depression and is more often associated with a history of childhood trauma
A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features
B) Major depressive episode with atypical features
C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features.
D) major depressive episode with melancholic features
D) major depressive episode with melancholic features
delusions or hallucinations that present are present with MDD are
A) mood incongruent
B) mood congruent
C) mood stable
D) mood unstable
B) mood congruent
Individuals who are _______ depressed are likely to have longer episodes, more cognitive impairment, and a poorer long-term prognosis than those suffering from depression without these features
A) Chronically
B) Psychotically
C) Mildly
D) Acutely
B) Psychotically
This designation is applied when, in addition to meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode, includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by mood reactivity; that is, the person’s mood brightens in response to potential positive events.
A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features
B) Major depressive episode with atypical features
C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features.
D) major depressive episode with melancholic features
B) Major depressive episode with atypical features
with Major depressive episode with atypical features, the person must show
A) all four symtoms
B) two or more of the four symptoms
C) one of the four symtoms
D) none of the four symptoms
B) two or more of the four symptoms
which of the following is NOT a symptom relating to Major depressive episode with atypical features
A) leaden paralysis
B) weight gain
C) insomnia
D) being acutely sensitive to interpersonal rejection
C) insomnia
A disproportionate number of individuals who have atypical features are ______, who have an earlier-than-average age of onset and who are more likely to show suicidal thoughts
A) Females
B) Males
C) Older adults
D) Children
A) females
Research has also shown that atypical depression is linked to
A) persistant depressive disorder
B) bipolar 2
C) bipolar 1
D) Cyclothymic disorder
B) bipolar 2
Major depressive episode with atypical features is an important specifier because these individuals respond better to:
A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) Antipsychotic medications
C) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
D) Electroconvulsive therapy
C) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
which of the following is an important specifier because there are indications that individuals these features may preferentially respond to a different class of antidepressants
A) catatonic features
B) atypical features
C) psychotic features.
D) melancholic features
B) atypical features
this specifier is used when the individual shows marked psychomotor disturbances such as a range of psycho-motor symptoms, from motoric immobility (catalepsy—a stuporous state) to extensive psychomotor activity, as well as mutism and rigidity
A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features
B) Major depressive episode with atypical features
C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features.
D) major depressive episode with melancholic features
A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features
To meet DSM-5 criteria for this specifier, the per-son must have had at least two episodes of depression in the past 2 years occurring at the same time of the year and full remission must also have occurred at the same time of the year
A) Major depressive epi-sode with catatonic features
B) Major depressive episode with atypical features
C) severe major depressive episode with psychotic features.
D) recurrent major depressive episode with a seasonal pattern
D) recurrent major depressive episode with a seasonal pattern
for a diagnosis of persistant depressive disorder, Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated by either subjective account or observation by others, for how long?
A) at least 6 months
B) at least 2 years
C) at least 1 year
D) at least 2 months
B) at least 2 years
for diagnosis children with persistent depressive disorder, mood can be irritable and duration must be
A) at least 6 months
B) at least 2 years
C) at least 1 year
D) at least 2 months
C) at least 1 year
for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder, during the 2-year period (1 year for children or adolescents) of the disturbance, the individual must never been without the symptoms for
A) More than 2 weeks at a time.
B) More than 2 months at a time.
C) Less than 6 months at a time.
D) More than 3 months at a time.
B) more than 2 months at a time.
Prevalence rates suggest that winter seasonal affective disorder is more common in people living at higher latitudes (northern climates) and in:
A) Individuals with chronic medical conditions
B) Older adults
C) People with a family history of the disorder
D) Younger people
D) Younger people
for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder individuals must have at lhow many our of the six additional symptoms when depressed
A) 2
B) all 6
C) 5
D) 4
A) 2
What is one of the most important characteristics distinguishing Persistent Depressive Disorder from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?
A) Presence of psychotic symptoms
B) Periods of normal mood lasting for a maximum of 2 months
C) Frequent episodes of hypomania
D) Seasonal patterns of mood changes
B) Periods of normal mood lasting for a maximum of 2 months
people with this disorder show poorer outcomes and as much impairment as those with MDD
A) Persistent depressive disorder
B) bipolar 1
C) Cyclothymic disorder
D) Bipolar disorder 1 rapid
A) Persistent depressive disorder
when persistent depressive disorder and MDD co-occur in the same person, what designation is the individual given?
A) Dual depression
B) Double depression
C) Comorbid depression
D) Concurrent depression
B) Double depression
what is average duration of persistent depressive disorder?
A) 20 years or more
B) 4-5 years
C) 10 years
D) 2 years
B) 4-5 years
at what life stage does persistent depression usually begin?
A) late adulthood
B) early childhood
C) middle adulthood
D) adolescence
D) adolescence
over 50 percent of those who present for treatment of persistent depressive disorder have an onset age of
A) before 30
B) 12
C) 50
D) before 21
D) before 21
Another term used for Persistent Depressive Disorder is:
A) Cyclothymia
B) Dysthymia
C) Bipolar Disorder
D) Anhedonia
B) Dysthymia
Depression is nearly always precipitated by:
A) Genetic factors
B) Stressful life events
C) Neurotransmitter imbalances
D) Sleep disturbances
B) Stressful life events
Rosa, a 20 year old college student eports that “ever since high school” she has “felt sad, like, all of the time … it doesn’t seem normal and I don’t know why.” Rosa notes that there was no major stressor that she can remember that trig-gered her feelings of sadness, “just the normal high school stuff.” But her feelings of sadness have persisted for nearly 4 years now. When asked about what her sadness is like, she tells the psychologist that she just feels like she is not as good as everyone else—not as smart as the other students, not as attractive as the other girls, and can’t seem to have fun and enjoy college like everyone else seems to be doing.what would be the likely diagnosis for Rosa?
A) OCD
B) GAD
C) persistent depressive disorder
D) MDD
C) persistent depressive disorder
in terms of grief, which of the following is NOT true
A) appears to be more difficult for women than men
B) appears to be more difficult for men than for women
C) it is considered as a normal pattern
D) there is a typical sequence
A) appears to be more difficult for women than men
Bowlby’s (1980) classic observations revealed that there are usually four phases of normal response to the loss of a spouse or close family member, which of the following is NOT one of Bowlbys four phases?
A) disorganization and despair
B) numbing and disbelief
C) some reorganization to persons life
D) Depersonalization and detachment
D) Depersonalization and detachment
after the loss of a spouse or close family member, numbing and disbelief is followed by
A) yearning and searching for the dead person
B) disorga-nization and despair that sets in when the person accepts the loss as permanent
C) ) some reorganization as the person gradually begins to rebuild his or her life.
D) Depersonalization and detachment from reality
A) yearning and searching for the dead person
what are issues around dropping the bereavement exclusion in the DSM-5?
A) Overemphasis on biological factors in diagnosis
B) Lack of consideration for cultural variations in grieving
C) The assumption that any depressive response to the loss of a loved one is “normal” could lead to delays in receiving needed treatment.
D) Increased stigmatization of grief as a mental disorder
C) The assumption that any depressive response to the loss of a loved one is “normal” could lead to delays in receiving needed treatment.
premenstrual dysphoric disorder in the DSM-5 requires that
A) Symptoms occur only during the menstrual period
B) Women experience mild emotional changes
C) A woman has at least one of four symptoms in the final week before the onset of menses
D) Symptoms are solely physical in nature
C) A woman has at least one of four symptoms in the final week before the onset of menses
for a diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder, apart from one of four main symptoms, individuals must also experience how many symptoms in total must a female experience ?
A) 7
B) 5
C) 2
D) 3
B) 5
postpartum blues symptoms occur in as many as 50 to 70 percent of women within
A) before birth
B) 1 day after birth
C) a month after birth
D) 10 days after birth
D) 10 days after birth
what have family studies found in terms of the prevalence of mood disorders?
A) Mood disorders are less common among blood relatives of persons with depression.
B) Mood disorders are more common in the general population than among blood relatives.
C) There is no evidence of a genetic component in mood disorders.
D) it is approximately two to three times higher among blood relatives than it is in the population at large
D) it is approximately two to three times higher among blood relatives than it is in the population at large
according to Hippocrates, depression was caused by an excess of
A) yellow bile
B) black bile
C) phlem
D) blood
B) black bile
what have family studies shown in relation to the prevalence of mood disorders?
A) mood disorders are more common in the general population.
B) mood disorders are equally prevalent among blood relatives and non-relatives.
C) It is approximately two to three times higher among blood relatives of persons with clinically diagnosed unipolar depression than it is in the population at large.
D) mood disorders are only prevalent in specific ethnic groups
C) it is approximately two to three times higher among blood relatives of persons with clinically diagnosed unipolar depression than it is in the population at large
twin studies suggest that there is/a ______ genetic contribution to MDD
A) Minimal
B) No
C) Moderate
D) High
C) Moderate
The pattern of difference in twins developing MDD is:
A) MZ co-twins with MDD are less likely to develop MDD than DZ twins.
B) MZ co-twins with MDD are equally likely to develop MDD as DZ twins.
C) MZ co-twins with MDD are three times more likely to develop MDD than DZ twins.
D) MZ co-twins with MDD are twice as likely to develop MDD as DZ twins.
D) MZ co-twins with MDD are twice as likely to develop MDD as DZ twins.
what is one candidate for a specific gene that might be implicated in MDD?
A) Serotonin-transporter gene
B) Dopamine-receptor gene
C) Norepinephrine-transporter gene
D) Acetylcholine-receptor gene
A) serotonin-transporter gene
what type of therapy used to treat mood disorders encouraged the development of neurochemical theories of the etiology of major depression?
A) Cognitive-behavioral therapy
B) Psychodynamic therapy
C) Interpersonal therapy
D) electroconvulsive therapy
D) electroconvulsive therapy
what two neurotransmitters of the monoamine class were the focus in early research of major depression?
A) Serotonin and dopamine
B) Norepinephrine and serotonin
C) GABA and glutamate
D) Dopamine and acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine and serotonin
monoamine theory of depression posits
A) Depression is solely caused by genetic factors.
B) Depression is a result of excessive serotonin and norepinephrine levels.
C) The underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.
D) Depression is unrelated to neurotransmitter imbalances.
C) the underlying pathophysiologic basis of depression is a depletion in the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
One contradictory finding from the monoamine theory of depression is:
A) All individuals with depression exhibit high serotonin levels.
B) Depression is solely caused by low norepinephrine activity.
C) Only a minority of patients with depression have lowered serotonin activity, and these tend to be patients with high levels of suicidal ideation and behavior.
D) Serotonin and norepinephrine levels are consistently elevated in all depressed individuals.
C) Only a minority of patients with depression have lowered serotonin activity, and these tend to be patients with high levels of suicidal ideation and behavior.
The neurotransmitter isimplicated as playing a significant role in depression with atypical features and bipolar depression
A) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) GABA
C) Dopamine
the majority of attention regarding depression and hormonal causes has focused on the _______ and the role of _______
A) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; cortisol
B) Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis; thyroxine
C) Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis; estrogen
D) Hypothalamic-pituitary-pancreatic (HPP) axis; insulin
A) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; cortisol
which of the following is NOT an effect of sustained elevations of cortisol?
A) adaptivity
B) hypertension
C) heart disease
D) obesity
A) adaptivity
what have recent studies found in relation to the development of depression and the immune system?
A) Depression is not associated with the immune system.
B) Depression is associated with dysregulation of the immune system and activation of the inflammatory response system.
C) Depression has no impact on the inflammatory response.
D) Depression is solely caused by genetic factors.
B) Depression is associated with dysregulation of the immune system and activation of the inflammatory response system.
neuropsychological research has found that damage to the left but not the right _________ often leads to depression
A) Amygdala
B) Hippocampus
C) Thalamus
D) Anterior prefrontal cortex
D) anterior prefrontal cortex
EEG studies have revealed that in people who are depressed, there is lower activity in the _____ hemisphere and higher activity in the _______ hemisphere in the the prefrontal regions of the brain
A) right; left
B) left; right
C) back; front
D) front; back
B) left; right
In terms of neuropsychological evidence, what has been found to predict the onset of depression
A) Low serotonin levels
B) Left frontal asymmetry
C) High dopamine levels
D) Impaired hippocampal function
B) left frontal asymmetry
The relatively lower activity on the left side of the prefrontal cortex in depression is thought to be related to symptoms of
A) increased anxiety symptoms and increased negative affect associated with increased vigilance for threatening information
B) reduced positive affect and approach behaviors to rewarding stimuli
C) Improved cognitive functioning and enhanced emotional regulation
D) reduced theory of mind and memory impairments
B) reduced positive affect and approach behaviors to rewarding stimuli
The relatively increased right-side activity of the prefrontal cortex in depression is thought to be related to symptoms of
A) increased anxiety symptoms and increased negative affect associated with increased vigilance for threatening information
B) reduced positive affect and approach behaviors to rewarding stimuli
C) Improved cognitive functioning and enhanced emotional regulation
D) reduced theory of mind and memory impairments
A) increased anxiety symptoms and increased negative affect associated with increased vigilance for threatening information
What EEG findings are associated with depression, suggesting vulnerability markers for certain forms of major depression?
A) Prolonged latency to enter REM sleep and increased amount of deep sleep.
B) Reduced latency to enter REM sleep and increased amount of deep sleep.
C) Increased latency to enter REM sleep and decreased amount of deep sleep.
D) Reduced latency to enter REM sleep and decreased amount of deep sleep.
D) Reduced latency to enter REM sleep and decreased amount of deep sleep.
What kind of rhythm abnormality or disturbance is commonly seen in people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), and what factor do most affected individuals appear to be responsive to?
A) Circadian rhythm disruption; temperature changes
B) Ultradian rhythm disruption; social interactions
C) Infradian rhythm disturbance; dietary patterns
D) Circadian rhythm disruption; total quantity of available light in the environment
D) Circadian rhythm disruption; total quantity of available light in the environment
which of the following statements is true regarding biological causal factors for depression?
A) Biological factors have no influence on the development of depression.
B) for the majority of women, hormonal changes do not play a significant role
C) Only men are affected by hormonal changes, and women are immune to their influence.
D) Depression is solely caused by genetic factors, with no regard to hormonal fluctuations.
B) for the majority of women, hormonal changes do not play a significant role
which of the following statements is true regarding biological causal factors for depression?
A) Biological factors have no influence on the development of depression.
B) For a small minority of women who are already at high risk, hormonal fluctuations may trigger depressive episodes
C) Only men are affected by hormonal changes, and women are immune to their influence.
D) Depression is solely caused by genetic factors, with no regard to hormonal fluctuations.
B) For a small minority of women who are already at high risk, hormonal fluctuations may trigger depressive episodes
(possibly by causing changes in the normal processes that regulate neurotransmitter systems)
what have many studies found in relation to stressful life events and unipolar depression?
A) Stressful life events have no impact on unipolar depression.
B) Stressful life events are the sole cause of unipolar depression.
C) They often serve as precipitating factors
D) Stressful life events only lead to anxiety, not depression.
C) they often serve as precipitating factors
What demographic group is suggested to exhibit a stronger stress–depression relationship, particularly in response to stressful life events?
a) Young male adults
b) Middle-aged female adults
c) Elderly individuals of any gender
d) Young female adults
d) Young female adults
In the context of stressful life events and depression, what key distinction is emphasized between different types of events?
a) Geographic location
b) Time of occurrence
c) Independence from the person’s behavior and personality
d) Severity of the event
c) Independence from the person’s behavior and personality
What term is used to describe stressful life events that are independent of the person’s behavior and personality, such as losing a job due to company closure or experiencing a natural disaster?
a) Unrelated life events
b) Independent life events
c) Internal life events
d) Dependent life events
b) Independent life events
Which category of stressful life events involves occurrences that may have been at least partly generated by the individual’s behavior or personality?
a) Random life events
b) Independent life events
c) Unpredictable life events
d) Dependent life events
d) Dependent life events
which of the following is an example of a dependent life event
A) failing to keep up with routine tasks such as paying bills
B) Facing a serious illness or injury that occurs randomly
C) experiencing a natural disaster
D) losing a job because one’s company is shutting down
A) failing to keep up with routine tasks such as paying bills
which of the following is an example of a independent life event
A) failing to keep up with routine tasks such as paying bills
B) academic struggles
C) Experiencing a breakup or divorce
D) losing a job because one’s company is shutting down
D) losing a job because one’s company is shutting down
what defines independent life events?
A) Occurrences influenced by personal choices and decisions.
B) Events that are entirely random and unrelated to any external factors.
C) Not being associated with the individual’s behavior or current mental health.
D) Events which may be associated with an individual’s behavior or psychopathology.
C) not being associated with the individuals behaviour or current mental health
which of the following relates to dependent life events?
A) Occurrences influenced by personal choices and decisions.
B) Events that are entirely random and unrelated to any external factors.
C) Not being associated with the individual’s behavior or current mental health.
D) Events which may be associated with an individual’s behavior or characteristics.
D) events which may be associated with an individual’s behaviour or characteristics
which of the following plays a stronger role in the onset of major depression?
A) Genetic factors and hereditary predisposition.
B) Environmental factors unrelated to life events.
C) Dependent life events.
D) Independent life events.
C) Dependent life events
due to people with depression having a distinctly negative view of themselves and the world, researchers have developed more sophisticated of life events that
A) evaluate what the impact of a particular event would be expected to be for an average person
B) rely on the depressed person’s self-report of how stressful an event is
C) the person’s subjective evaluations of stress
D) do not take into account the biographical context
A) evaluate what the impact of a particular event would be expected to be for an average person
studies that employ techniques that evaluate the impact of a particular event would be expected to be for an average person suggest what as playing a causal role in depressive episodes?
A) Genetic predisposition and inherited traits.
B) Stressful episodic life events.
C) Random and unpredictable occurrences.
D) Biological factors unrelated to external events.
B) Stressful episodic life events.
The relationship between severely stressful life events and depression is much stronger in people who
A) Undergo recurrent episodes.
B) Are having their first onset.
C) Have a family history of depression.
D) Exhibit chronic stress resistance.
B) Are having their first onset.
which of the following is true regarding mildly stressful events and the onset of depression?
A) They are not associated with the onset of clinically significant depression.
B) They have a stronger impact on depression than severely stressful events.
C) They are more likely to lead to chronic depression.
D) They primarily affect individuals with a genetic predisposition to depression.
A) they are not associated with the onset of clinically significant depression
what is true regarding chronic stress and depression?
A) It has a protective effect against depression.
B) It is only associated with the onset of mild depressive symptoms.
C) It increases resilience and reduces the risk of major depression.
D) It is associated with increased risk for the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of major depression.
D) It is associated with increased risk for the onset, maintenance, and recurrence of major depression.
what is the primary personality variable that serves as a vulnerability factor for depression ?
A) Extroversion.
B) Neuroticism.
C) Conscientiousness.
D) Agreeableness.
B) neuroticism
what does neuroticism, or negative affectivity refer to?
A) A state of being highly extroverted and sociable.
B) A temporary mood characterized by positivity.
C) A stable and heritable personality trait that involves a temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli.
D) A tendency to remain calm and composed in all situations.
C) A stable and heritable personality trait that involves a temperamental sensitivity to negative stimuli.
peo-ple who have high levels of this trait are prone to experi-encing a broad range of negative moods, including not only sadness but also anxiety, guilt, and hostility.
A) Extroversion.
B) Neuroticism.
C) Conscientiousness.
D) Agreeableness.
B) Neuroticism.
a disposition to feel joyful, energetic, bold, proud, enthusiastic, and confident
A) negative affectivity
B) positive affectivity
C) Emotional stability.
D) Introversion.
B) positive affectivity
people low on this disposition tend to feel unenthusiastic, unenergetic, dull, flat, and bored
A) Extraversion
B) Introversion
C) Agreeableness.
D) Conscientiousness.
B) Introversion
people who attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes may be more prone to becoming depressed than are people who attribute the same events to external, unstable, and specific causes is an example of
A) Social support mechanisms.
B) Cognitive diatheses
C) Genetic factors.
D) Neurological predispositions.
B) Cognitive diatheses
The cognitive diatheses that have been studied for depression generally focus on what?
) Positive patterns of thinking.
B) Emotional neutrality.
C) Negative patterns of thinking.
D) Perceptual clarity.
C) Negative patterns of thinking.
How would family turmoil, parental psychopathology, physical or sexual abuse, and other forms of intrusive, harsh, and coercive parenting operate as short and long-term vulnerability to depression?
A) By decreasing an individual’s sensitivity to stressful life events in adulthood.
B) By increasing an individual’s sensitivity to stressful life events in adulthood.
C) By promoting emotional resilience and adaptability.
D) By having no impact on an individual’s vulnerability to depression.
B) By increasing an individual’s sensitivity to stressful life events in adulthood.
What phenomenon is suggested by research indicating that certain individuals who have undergone early adversity may become resilient, especially when the exposure to early adversity is moderate rather than severe?
A) Stress accumulation
B) Stress inoculation
C) Stress exacerbation
D) Stress vulnerability
B) Stress inoculation
according to psychodynamic theories of depression
A) Is primarily caused by chemical imbalances in the brain.
B) It a result of unresolved childhood conflicts and repressed emotions.
C) It is solely a genetic predisposition.
D) anger turned inward
B) It a result of unresolved childhood conflicts and repressed emotions.
According to Freud’s hypothesis in “Mourning and Melancholia” (1917), what significant similarity did he identify between the symptoms of clinical depression and the symptoms observed in people mourning the loss of a loved one?
A) Regression to the anal stage of development.
B) Repression of memories.
C) Introjection of the lost person and the unconscious incorporation of their feelings.
D) Projection of emotions onto external objects.
C) Introjection of the lost person and the unconscious incorporation of their feelings.
a student who fails in school or who fails at a romantic relationship may experi-ence this symbolically as a loss of his or her parents’ love is an example of what theory of depression?
A) Behavioral
B) Cognitive
C) Humanistic
D) Psychodynamic
D) Psychodynamic
The most important contribution of the psychodynamic approaches to depression has been:
A) Emphasizing the role of neurotransmitters in depressive disorders.
B) Noting the importance of loss.
C) Highlighting the influence of genetics on depressive tendencies.
D) Identifying cognitive distortions as the primary cause of depression.
B) noting the importance of loss
theories that propose that people become depressed when their responses no longer produce positive support or when their rate of negative expe-riences increases
A) Behavioral
B) Cognitive
C) Humanistic
D) Psychodynamic
A) Behavioral
research on behavioural theories have found what in relation to people with depression?
A) they have lower activity levels, and their moods seem to vary with both their positive and their negative experiences rates
B) They consistently exhibit high levels of physical activity and positive moods.
C) They have higher activity levels, but their moods are not affected by experiences.
D) They experience mood stability regardless of their activity levels
A) they have lower activity levels, and their moods seem to vary with both their positive and their negative experiences rates
what are limitations of research consistent with behavioural theories of depression?
A) Lack of consideration for cognitive and emotional factors that may contribute to depression.
B) They do not show causal factors of depression.
C) Limited focus on genetic influences on depressive tendencies.
D) Overemphasis on the role of neurotransmitters in depression.
B) They do not show causal factors of depression.
what therapy has behavioural theory research inspired as effective treatment for depression?
A) Behavioral activation treatment.
B) Cognitive-behavioral therapy.
C) Psychoanalytic therapy.
D) Humanistic therapy.
A) Behavioral activation treatment.
what did Beck hypothesise in relation to his cognitive theory of depression?
A) That depression is primarily caused by external stressors and life events.
B) The cognitive symptoms of depression often precede and cause the affective or mood symptoms rather than vice versa.
C) That depression is solely a result of genetic predisposition.
D) That behavioral factors are the primary contributors to depression.
D)
B) the cognitive symptoms of depression often precede and cause the affective or mood symptoms rather than vice versa
if you think that you are a failure or that you are ugly, it would not be surprising for those thoughts to lead to a depressed mood is an example of
A) Behavioral theories of depression.
B) Psychodynamic theories of depression.
C) Beck’s cognitive theory of depression.
D) Humanistic theories of depression.
C) Beck’s cognitive theory of depression.
Beck’s theory is a diathesis stress theory in which
A) Genetic factors are the primary cause of depression.
B) Negative cognitions are central.
C) Positive cognitions are emphasized.
D) Behavioral factors play a central role.
B) Negative cognitions are central.
dysfunctional beliefs in relation to Becks cognitive theory relate to
A) Positive beliefs that are flexible and adaptive.
B) Neutral beliefs that have no impact on mood.
C) Beliefs that are moderate and realistic in nature.
D) Negative beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive.
D) Negative beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive.
“If everyone doesn’t love me, then my life is worthless.” is an example of
A) adaptive cognitive pattern
B) depressogenic schema
C) flexible cognitive schema
D) Maladaptive thought patterns
B) depressogenic schema
according to cognitive theory of depression if someone holds a dysfunctional belief that “If everyone doesn’t love me, then my life is worthless.” this belief would
A) Indicate a healthy and adaptive belief system.
B) Predispose the person holding it to develop depression if he or she perceives social rejection.
C) predispose one to be vulnerable to developing negative thoughts and depressed mood if she or he felt like a failure.
D) Suggest that the belief has no impact on mental health outcomes.
B) predispose the person holding it to develop depression if he or she perceives social rejection.
according to cognitive theory of depression if someone holds a belief that “If I’m not perfectly successful, then I’m a nobody” .” this belief would
A) Indicate a healthy and adaptive belief system.
B) Predispose the person holding it to develop depression if he or she perceives social rejection.
C) predispose one to be vulnerable to developing negative thoughts and depressed mood if she or he felt like a failure.
D) Suggest that the belief has no impact on mental health outcomes.
C) predispose one to be vulnerable to developing negative thoughts and depressed mood if she or he felt like a failure.
Although they may lie dormant for years in the absence of significant stressors, when dysfunctional beliefs are activated by current stressors or depressed mood, they tend to fuel the current thinking pattern, creat-ing a pattern of
A) Cognitive restructuring
B) Adaptive coping mechanisms
C) Enhanced emotional resilience
D) Negative automatic thoughts
D) Negative automatic thoughts
thoughts that often occur just below the surface of awareness and involve unpleasant, pessimistic predictions
A) Cognitive restructuring
B) Adaptive coping mechanisms
C) Enhanced emotional resilience
D) Negative automatic thoughts
D) Negative automatic thoughts
pessimistic predictions that occur from negative automatic thoughts tend to enter what Beck calls
A) Maladaptive cognition
B) Dysfunctional mental schema
C) Negative cognitive triad
D) Depressive cognitive loop
C) negative cognitive triad
which of the following is not included in the negative cognitive triad
A) future
B) self
C) others
D) world
C) others
“I’m worthless” would be an example of what component of the negative cognitive triad?
A) future
B) self
C) others
D) world
B) self
