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BIO HL > B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids > Flashcards

B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards

1
Q

what are the strongest bonds found in bio molecules

A

covalent bonds

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1
Q

how can covalent bonds be broken

A

through specific chemical reactions with other molecules

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2
Q

why does carbon have a critical role

A

due to its ability to form 4 strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to create a stable chain

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3
Q

what is a double bond

A

carbon atoms can form more than one bond between each other

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4
Q

why are molecules reactive

A

due to the functional groups attached to a carbon skeleton

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5
Q

what do functional groups do

A

give the molecule unique physical and chemical properties

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6
Q

what are functional groups

A

the chemically active part of a member of a series of organic molecules

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7
Q

what functional group do carbohydrates contain

A

hydroxyl groups ( -OH)

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8
Q

what functional group do fatty acids contain

A

carboxyl group ( - COOH)

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9
Q

what functional group do lipids contain

A

ester group. formed by combing an acid and an alcohol

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10
Q

what functional groups are found in amino acids

A

amino groups ( NH2)

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11
Q

What is the structure of phosphate groups( functional groups)

A

-PO4 ( one O is double bonded to the P)

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12
Q

what are the 4 major classes of biomolecules which are synthesized by cells

A

nucleic acids( DNA and RNA)
proteins
lipids(fats and oils)
polysaccharides( carbohydrates)

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13
Q

what is the R group ( functional groups)

A

the remainder of the organic molecule, a part of the functional group which has little or no effect on the chemical properties of the molecule

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14
Q

what are organic molecules/features

A

they must be made of carbon and hydrogen
simple structures
backbone of life
made by living organisms

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15
Q

what are inorganic compounds/features

A

made of carbon and hydrogen
complex structures
not made by living organisms

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16
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

a reaction that combines two molecules while removing water.

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17
Q

what is the linkage between monosaccharides

A

glycosidic linkages. they are strong covalent bonds

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18
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

reaction where hydrogen is added to a large molecule causing it to split into smaller parts by breaking the bonds

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19
Q

what are examples of a condensation reaction

A

maltose is formed with two molecules of glucose
lactose is formed with galactose and glucose
both are disaccharide sugars

20
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

built from many monosaccharides condensed together, linked by glycosidic bonds
it is a form of a polymer

21
Q

what is the bond between carbohydrates and sugars

A

glycosidic bonds

22
Q

what are the bonds between proteins

A

peptide bonds

23
Q

what are the bonds between lipids

A

ester linkages

24
Q

what is the bond between nucleic acids

A

diester linkages

25
Q

what are polypeptides

A

the result of many condensation reactions between amino acids. ( many amino acids together)

26
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

they are simple sugars such as glucose and fructose

27
Q

what are disaccharides

A

two simple sugars condensed such as sucrose, lactose, maltase

28
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen and cellulose

29
Q

features of glucose

A

a polar molecule that dissolves in water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds with their slightly charged hydroxyl groups
A hexose sugar( C6H12O6)

30
Q

what are isomers

A

chemical compounds of the same chemical formula but different structural formulae
( such as alpha and beta glucose)

31
Q

what are the hydrophobic properties of lipids

A

they are poorly soluble in water
can be dissolved in less polar organic solutions
in the presence of water, they clump together into globules

32
Q

what does unsaturated mean

A

when there are double bonds in the carbon chain, it creates kinks in the chain

33
Q

what is the result of unsaturated carbon chains

A

makes the bonds weaker and leads to lower melting points

34
Q

what is saturated

A

when there are no double bonds/ most amount of hydrogen possible

35
Q

difference between monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

A

single double bond is mono
multiple is poly

36
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids used for

A

used to store energy in plants and cold blooded animals

37
Q

what is glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose that is formed by condensation reactions, used to store in cells

38
Q

difference between glycogen and amylopectin

A

they are very similar but glycogen is more branched

39
Q

what is cellulose

A

a polymer of beta glucose molecules, stabilized and strengthened by hydrogen bonds
extremely strong material

40
Q

how are carbohydrates used in cell to cell recognition

A

cells are able to recognise each other due to carbohydrates unique shapes
allows the immune system to differentiate between body cells and foreign cells

41
Q

roles of the glycocalyx

A

cell cell recognition
receptor sites for chemical signals
assist in the binding together of cells to form tissues

42
Q

features of lipids

A

hydrophobic and can be dissolved in less polar substances

43
Q

structure of lipids

A

the simplest lipid is triglycerides, made of glycerol and fatty acids
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

44
Q

how are phospholipids created

A

glycerol can also bond with phosphates and two fatty acids to form phospholipids

45
Q

what does an excess of lipids in a diet cause

A

storage of excess fat which can lead to obesity

46
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

fat stored under the skin
gives buoyancy to the body and works as heat insulation layer

47
Q

what happens to triglycerides when respired

A

they are able to release twice as much energy as carbohydrates
complete oxidation leads to production of water

48
Q

what are anabolic steroids

A

used to build up muscle protein formation and bone growth

BIO HL (16 decks)

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