Chapter Eighteen

Question 1

Collective Action

Answer 1

Action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation

Question 2

Convergence

Answer 2

states that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place

Question 3

Contagion

Answer 3

claims that collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to the behavior of others with whom they are in close contact

Question 4

Emergent Norm

Answer 4

emphasizes the influence of “keynoters” in promoting new behavioral norms, especially in unusual situations for which already established norms are inadequate

Question 5

Value-Added

Answer 5

establishes six conditions that are required for a movement to coalesce and achieve a successful outcome

Question 6

Social Movements

Answer 6

Collective behaviour that is purposeful and organized (but not ritualized) and that seeks to challenge or change one or more aspects of society through institutional and extra-institutional means

Question 7

Premodern Society

Answer 7

characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labour, relatively undeveloped technology, and traditional social norms. The individuals are source of authoritative knowledge

Question 8

Modern Society

Answer 8

characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity as well as individually created by non centric, but overlapping, group affiliations. A rise of science and objectivity

Question 9

Postmodern Society

Answer 9

characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations. Ideas about multiculturalism and the blending of different narratives have arisen

Question 10

Cause of Social Change

Answer 10

Technology/Innovation, new ideas and identities, social change and conflict

Question 11

Alternative

Answer 11

Social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people

Question 12

Reformative

Answer 12

Social movements that advocate for limited social change across an entire society

Question 13

Redemptive

Answer 13

Social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical change in behaviour

Question 14

Revolutionary

Answer 14

Social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society

Question 15

Classical

Answer 15

Based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals

Question 16

Resource-Mobilization

Answer 16

Which emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources

Question 17

Political Process

Answer 17

Focuses on the structure of political opportunities. When political conditions are favourable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger

Question 18

Emergence

Answer 18

The first stage occurs when the social problem being addressed is first identified

Question 19

Coalescence

Answer 19

In the second stage, resources are mobilized around the problems outlined in the first stage.

Question 20

Routinization

Answer 20

In this stage, the social movement is institutionalized, and a formal structure develops to promote the cause

Question 21

Social Movement Organizations

Answer 21

Developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation. These groups also help raise money, clarify goals, and structure participation in the movement.

Question 22

Professional

Answer 22

has a full-time leadership staff dedicated to the movement and a large membership base that plays a minor role in the organization

Question 23

Participatory

Answer 23

relies on high levels of community-based membership participation to promote social change. It lacks the hierarchical structure of a professional movement organization