introduction Flashcards

1
Q

how many ribs and thoracic vertebrae are in a dog

A

13

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2
Q

describe the gross topography of the thorax

A

cranially the thoracic inlet
dorsally thoracic vertebra
laterally the ribcage
ventrally the sternum
caudally the diaphragm

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3
Q

what is the dorsal 2/3 of the rib made of

A

bone

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4
Q

what is the ventral 1/3 of the rib made of

A

cartilage

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5
Q

what is the junction between the 2 tissues of the ribs called

A

costochondral junction

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6
Q

where do the first 9 ribs join ventrally

A

the sternum

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7
Q

what do the remainder of ribs join

A

each other to form the coastal arch

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8
Q

what is the last rib called that is not connected ventrally

A

floating rib

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9
Q

what bones and how many is the sternum made from

A

8 sternebrae

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10
Q

what is the first sternebra called and where is it palpable

A

palpable cranially and is called the manubrium

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11
Q

what is the last sternebra called and state where it is palpable

A

palpable caudally and is called the xiphoid process

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12
Q

what is the cartilaginous extension of the xiphoid process called

A

xiphoid cartilage

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13
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

a sheet of skeletal muscle which extends from the sternum, ribs and vertebrae and inserts on a central aponeuorotic tendon

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14
Q

what is contained within the thorax

A

heart, distal airways and lungs, the thoracic oesophagus, the thymus, blood vessels, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels.

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15
Q

describe the anatomy of the lungs

A

lungs are divided into 2 sections called lobes.
each love is divided into lobules.
left lung has 2 lobes = cranial and caudal
the cranial lobe is further divided into a cranial and caudal portion.
the right lung has 4 lobes - cranial, middle, caudal and accessory.

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16
Q

where does the heart sit in relation to the lungs?

A

ventral to the hilus (root) of the lungs and between the left and right lung.

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17
Q

which mammal lacks the middle lobe of the right lung?

A

horse

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18
Q

what is the pleura

A

series membrane that lines the thorax
invaginated sac consisting of 2 parts - visceral and parietal pleura.

19
Q

describe the anatomy of the heart

A

large muscular organ located in the thorax
base of the heart sits dorsally and cranially the apex.
main vessels entering and exiting the heart do so at the base.
the heart lines approx midline, angled caudoventrally with a slight deviation of its apex (points towards the head of the animal)
divided into 4 chambers - 2 atria, 2 ventricles

20
Q

describe the route blood takes to the heart

A

left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by pulmonary veins.
right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via cranial and caudal vena cavae. The right ventricle pumps this blood into the pulmonary artery through the pulmonic valve. the pulmonary artery takes the this deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood it receives from left atrium into the aorta via the aortic valve.
the aorta delivers this blood to all tissues of the body by means of many divisions into smaller arteries.

21
Q

what is the heart encapsulated and invested by?

A

serous membrane called the pericardium - out pouching of the pleura. has visceral and parietal layers with a few mm of serous fluid to allow ease of movement of the heart within its sac.

22
Q

what is the name of the inner layers the heart consists of

A

endocardium, muscular myocardium and the outer serosal epicardium which is confluent with the visceral pericardium.

23
Q

what are the 4 valves called

A

right and left Atrioventricular valves known as bicuspid or mitral on left and tricuspid on right
pulmonic valve
aortic valve

24
Q

what are the aortic and pulmonary valves also known as

A

semilunar valves

25
Q

what do the AV valves consist of and how many on each

A

fibrous cusps
bicuspid has 2
tricuspid has 3

26
Q

what is the thin muscular wall called that separates the atria

A

interatrial septum

27
Q

what is the very muscular wall called that separates the ventricles

A

interventricular septum - really part of the left ventricle

28
Q

what is the additional outpouching of the atria called

A

atrial appendage or auricle

29
Q

define systole

A

contraction phase
blood pumped out of chambers

30
Q

define diastole

A

relaxation phase
blood fills the chambers of the heart

31
Q

how is S1 heart sound generated and when does it occur?

A

AV valves close and blood which has passed into the ventricle rebounds off the closed valve and walls.
this is at the end of diastole and at the beginning of isovolumetric contraction. a contribution is made by the opening of the aortic valve and acceleration of the blood as it is squeezed into the aorta.

32
Q

outline the basic electrical pathway through the heart

A

initial electrical impulse in the normal heart is generated in cells in the wall of the right atrium called the sinoatrial node.
impulse travels from this node and moves cell to cell over the atria to stimulate them to contract.
electrical activity is passed through atrioventricular node located in the distal interatrial septum.
impulse then enters the AV bundle in the proximal interventricular septum.
bundle passes through annulus fibrosis and divides into 2 limbs - left and right bundle branch.
each limb continues distally within the septum then branches out to supply the ventricular muscle via purkinje fibres. the left bundle branch further divides into anterior and posterior fascicles.
one part of right bundle branch crosses to the free wall of the right ventricle in a band of tissue called the septomarginal band.

33
Q

what is meant by isovolumetric relaxation and isovolumetric contraction

A

volume remains the same

34
Q

how is the heart sound S2 generated

A

the pulmonary and aortic valves close and blood reverberates in the great vessels as it decelerates once the impetus of the ventricle is removed.
this marks end of systole.

35
Q

how is s3 generated and how audible is it

A

rarely audible except from in horses.
can be heard in dogs with heart failure.
caused by blood turbulence in the left ventricle as blood flows in from the atria under pressure. it reflects reduced compliance on the left ventricle in early diastole.

36
Q

how is S4 generated and how audible is it and what is it associated with in small animals?

A

audible in the horse.
associated with impaired relaxation of the ventricular wall in small animals
caused by increased force of contraction of the atria during atrial systole as it endeavours to overcome the slow relaxation of the ventricular wall.

37
Q

what do S1 and S2 mark

A

start and end of systole.

38
Q

when is S3 and S4 audible

A

during diastole

39
Q

when does s3 occur

A

just after s2

40
Q

when does s4 occur

A

before s1

41
Q

what is gallop rhythm

A

if s3 and/or s4 are audible on auscultation of the heart in dogs and cats.

42
Q

what is a murmur

A

sound generated by abnormal turbulence within the heart or great vessels

43
Q

what causes turbulence

A

anything that interferes with the normal flow of blood
eg a thickened heart valve, a too narrow valve (stenotic) an incompetent valve which allows the backflow of blood or a defect in the interventricular system.

44
Q

what is annulus fibrosis

A

fibrous plate that supports the valves.