movement of blood and fluid Flashcards

1
Q

explain the difference in pressure in the systemic circulation compared to the pulmonary circulation

A

systemic (left) is a high pressure system due to the pump being much stronger to overcome the pressure and push blood to the extremities and pulmonary circulation is low pressure due to a much weaker pump.

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2
Q

define bulk flow

A

the movement of fluid (blood) by means of pressure difference

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3
Q

define diffusion

A

tendency for solutes to move along a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration of the solute to an area of low concentration of the solutes until the concentrations are equalised.

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4
Q

explain how perfusion pressure can be generated and how it can be affected

A

generated by the pumping actions of the ventricles
the difference between 2 points in a blood vessel

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5
Q

describe how variation of transmural hydrostatic and oncotic pressures affect the movement of fluid across the capillary wall

A

osmotic pressure = high oncotic pressure inside vessel draws water in, fluid moves from an area of low osmotic pressure to an area of high oncotic pressure.
transmural hydrostatic pressure = expels fluid if perforated - pressure exerted by fluid inside of vessel - outside of vessel

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6
Q

source of energy for bulk flow

A

derived from hydrostatic pressure difference

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7
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure that fluid exerts on its container

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8
Q

what is perfusion pressure

A

the pressure needed for blood to move through blood vessels

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9
Q

what is osmotic pressure

A

the drive for water to move into a solution by osmosis

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10
Q

explain how cardiac output is generated and varied in the normal animal

A

stroke volume x heart rate
only altered by these 2 variables

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11
Q

what is preload

A

the filling pressure of the ventricle

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12
Q

what is afterload

A

resistance overcome to let the blood out

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13
Q

what is oedema

A

leaking fluids

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14
Q

how to increase preload

A

increase in pressure in the atria and veins

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15
Q

what does increasing preload also increase

A

end diastolic ventricular volume

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16
Q

why does exercise increase preload

A

increased action of the respiratory and skeletal muscle pumps compresses veins thereby increases venous return to the heart.

17
Q

what is heterometric autoregulation

A

increase in stroke volume on one side of the heart leads to increase blood flow through the tissues, an increase venous return and hence preload to the other side of the heart and therefore an increased stroke volume on that side too.

18
Q

what are the phases of the cardiac cycle

A

isovolumetric contraction
rapid ejection
reduced ejection
isovolumetric relaxation
rapid filling
reduced filling

19
Q

how is arterial pressure generated

A

pressure of blood within a vessel

20
Q

what is compliance

A

measure of how readily the ventricular walls stretch during diastolic filling

21
Q

how does diastolic filling time impact EDVV

A

if too little time, it will prevent the ventricle from filling optimally and hence reduce stroke volume

22
Q

what does the heart rate govern

A

length of systole and diastole

23
Q

what is atrial systole responsible for

A

higher percentage of ventricular filling at higher heart rates.

24
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

disease where the atria doesn’t contract properly

25
Q

clinical presentation of atrial fibrillation

A

exercise intolerance

26
Q

what will a higher afterload increase

A

end systolic ventricular volume

27
Q

why does a higher afterload increase ESVV

A

heart has to work harder to maintain the same CO when afterload increases - more pressure must be generated during isovolumetric contraction to overcome arterial pressure, open the semilunar valves and allow blood to exit.

28
Q

what can an increase in end systolic wall stress lead to

A

myocardial hypertrophy (thickening of the heart muscle)

29
Q

what control vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

autonomic nervous system

30
Q

what is the total peripheral resistance

A

net resistance of the whole circulation

31
Q

what is systolic pressure

A

during systole, ventricles eject blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery under high pressure, pressure rises to systolic pressure

32
Q

what is diastolic pressure

A

pressure in the aorta drops as blood flows out into the circulation when entering diastole - this is the lowest point.