Final Test Prep Flashcards
The position on the mind-body question that claims that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called:
Double Aspectism
According to Leibniz, everything in the world consists of living, conscious atoms, which he called:
Monads
Kant agreed with Hume that
causal relationships in nature are never directly experienced.
According to Leibniz, there was nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses except for
the mind itself
In Hegel’s philosophy, when one cycle of the dialectic process is completed, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle
thesis
Walter Kaufman referred to ______________ as the first great “depth psychologist” owing to his identification of unconscious process as “the source of much of what we take to be the affairs of daily life and culture itself.
Friedrich Nietzsche
Built upon, refined, critiqued, and established the limits of the fundamental concepts in Hume’s Treatise, with his classic work, the Critique of Pure Reason.
Immanuel Kant
Beethoven and Hegel were both born in the same year, 1770. Robinson remarks that one set _______ to music, and the other to philosophy. What he is saying is that both were profoundly influenced by this man, Beethoven in music and Hegel in philosophy. Robinson sees him as being the major force behind the development of the unique and powerful German form of Romanticism, and said of him, “it was ________ whose magisterial flights of artistry left in the distance the rubble of failed theories, each of them a prison of the mind.”
Johann von Goethe
A French Romanticist, one of the major Counter-Enlightenment figures, well-known for his concept of “the noble savage.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Author of what Robinson refers to as the “dialectical triad of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, which he advanced as laws of thought expressed in logic.”
George Hegel
Founder and major figure of the Scottish “common sense” school of philosophy. Dan Robinson refers to his work as “the greatest philosophy penned in the English language
Thomas Reid
Although this philosopher embraces double aspectism, a very reasonable approach to the mind-body problem, he also denies free will and subscribes to pantheism.
Baruch Spinoza
This great philosopher poet, author of Sorrows of Young Werther, of Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, and of Faust, awakened European thought to the place of esthetics in philosophy. He also contributed to scientific thought with his theory of color vision based upon complementary colors.
Johann von Goethe
This Rationalist philosopher held that we approach The Absolute by the process of dialectic, by opposing a thesis with an antithesis, the result of which is a synthesis at a higher level.
Georg Hegel
Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the
physiological equivalent of Kant’s categories of thought.
This French physiologist first demonstrated that sensory nerves enter the dorsal rool of the spinal cord and that motor nerves emerge from the ventral root, the so-called “law of forward motion” of nerve conduction.
Magendie
Founder of phrenology, the popular early theory of localization in the brain.
Gall
Discovered the area in the left inferior frontal cortex that is implicated in the production of speech. Damage to this area is associated with productive aphasia.
Broca
This German physiologist is often referred to as the greatest natural scientist of the nineteenth century. He was the first to measure the speed of the nerve impulse, showing that it was not instantaneous.
Herman von Helmholtz
The most important investigator of the functions of the brain during the middle decades of the nineteenth century. He developed and effectively used the “method of ablation” to experimentally determine the functions of the six areas of the brain that he identified.
Flourens
Flourens identified the specific functions/actions of brain areas or units, which he called action propre. He considered this principle to be in dialectical opposition to the reigning “grand principle of unity in the brain,” which he referred to as
Action commune
Pierre-Paul Broca determined the locus in the bran of productive aphasia as a result of his debate with _________________, in which he at first argued for holistic brain function and against localization of function
Ernest Auburtin
In the second half of the nineteenth century and well into the 20th century, investigators such as Fritsch & Hitzig, David Ferrier, John Hughlings-Jackson, and Wilder Penfield made giant strides in identifying the locus of many brain processing using the method of
direct stimulation of the brain
Which of the following persons was not one of Wundt’s doctoral students?
A.
Lightner Witmer
B.
James McKeen Cattell
C.
Johannes Muller
D.
Edward Titchener
C. Johannes Müller
Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished, he referred to his brand of psychology as:
Voluntarism
The author of the 1859 book Origin of the Species was
Charles Darwin
What provided Darwin with the principle he needed to tie his many observations together?
Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
This person was Darwin’s half-cousin. He was a polymath, achieving notably in a variety of academic disciplines, including measurement, anthropometry, and geography (receiving the Royal Geographical Society’s gold medal for 1853). He laid the conceptual foundation for the correlation coefficient and the calculation of variance, and could be considered to be the first psychometrician.
Francis Galton
Who arranged for Charles Darwin to be interviewed for the position as naturalist on Captain Robert FitzRoy’s survey ship, the H.M.S. Beagle, which led to his eminent achievements in science?
John Stevens Henslow
Darwin’s father, a highly-paid English physician.
Robert Darwin
In his early Cambridge days, became known as “the man who walks with Henslow,” accompanying him on his lecture visits in the countryside. He had a “warm and sympathetic personality that made him almost universally well-liked.”
Charles Darwin
Darwin’s uncle on his mother’s side of the family, “regarded as a man of emminent common sense.” Helped Darwin convince his father to give his support to Darwin’s intended scientific voyage on FitzRoy’s survey ship, the HMS Beagle.
Josiah Wedgwood
Archconservative captain of the survey ship, the HMS Beagle, on which Darwin spent five years on “one of the most scientifically consequential voyages of modern time,” which transformed him from a young Cambridge graduate into “an accomplished and respected geologist and collector of biological specimens”
Robert FitzRoy
Cambridge professor of biology who took a liking to Darwin, became his friend and confidant, and obtained an invitation for him to apply for the position as naturalist on the voyage of the Beagle.
John Stevens Henslow
Noted Scottish geologist, whose first of the three volumes of The Principles of Geology helped launch Darwin’s career as he followed it and integrated it with his observations from the beginning of the voyage of the Beagle. He later became Darwin’s trusted friend and advisor.
Charles Lyell
She was Charles Darwin’s cousin. They married in 1839. Their marriage was blessed with ten children.
Emma Wedgwood
n the spring of 1858 this gentleman sent a letter and a manuscript to Charles Darwin to bring to Darwin’s attention the evolutionary theory that he himself had authored while recovering from malaria. This led to the two of them jointly presenting their theories at a meeting of the prestigious Linnean Society; and Darwin finally published his theory the next year, 1859.
Alfred Russel Wallace
Author of a 1798 book, An Essay on the Principle of Population, a gloomy economic theory with dire predictions of scarcity and the fight for survival, that gave Darwin the basis for the first of the three “pillars” of his evolutionary theory: scarcity, variation in animals, and natural selection.
Thomas Robert Malthus
Cambridge professor of geology who also befriended Darwin throughout his studies at Cambridge.
Adam Sedgewick
French naturalist who proposed a theory of evolution based upon “inheritance of acquired characteristics” at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Irish archbishop, careful scholar, and advocate of the catastrophism school of geologic natural history, who dated the Earth’s age at approximately 6000 years.
James Ussher
This man was a biologist, an expert in primate anatomy. He became known as “Darwin’s bulldog” for his performance in an 1860 debate with Samuel Wilberforce, the bishop of Oxford. He was reported to have whispered “the Lord has delivered him into my hands” after Wilberforce had made a rude and sarcastic ad hominem comment during the debate, about Huxley’s possible primate ancestry.
Thomas Henry Huxley
In theory of mind and mental activity, this approach focuses on the function of mental events, that is what they are intended to accomplish, rather than on their structure.
Functionalism
The geological theory that the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, violent events rather than uninterupted gradual change.
Catastrophism
The doctrine of uniformity, or invariance, in the processes by which the change takes place in the earth over time.
Uniformitarianism
The theory that all races of humanity come from a common ancestor
Monogenesis
The theory that races of humans come from more than one ancestor that represent different species of being (pp.226-227). It has been associated with racism.
Polygenesis
The major argument against evolutionary theories in the 19th century. Essentially it was an “argument from complexity” attributed to William Paley (1743-1805), that a consideration of the marvellous complexity of the human eye was a “cure for atheism”
Argument from design
The American Psychologist 1960 publication of this person’s APA presidential address, entitled “The American revolution,” is one of the foundational papers of the cognitive revolution.
D.O. Hebb
Noam Chomsky
This linguist’s review of Skinner’s 1957 book Verbal Behavior, that appeared in the journal Language in 1959, was one of the main papers that precipitated the decline of behaviorism and the rise of the new cognitive psychology in the 1960s and 1970s.
This seminal 1955 Psychological Review paper, “Drive and the C.N.S. (Conceptual Nervous System),” authored by one of the great “physiologizers” of the 20th century, marks the beginning of what will later become one of the most vigorous areas of 21st century research, the field of cognitive neuroscience.
D.O. Hebb
This 1958 Psychological Review paper, entitled “A mechanical model for human attention and immediate memory,” authored by the director of the Applied Psychology Research Unit (APRU) at Cambridge University, proposes a simple “filter model” of human attention.
Donald Broadbent
This highly-cited 1966 Science paper, “High-speed scanning in human memory,” introduced a robust finding with respect to the effects of memory load on reaction time in a memory-search task: 35 milliseconds for each additional digit held in memory.
Saul Sternberg
Author of the well-known 1956 Psychological Review paper “The magical number seven, plus or minus two,” one of the most cited papers in psychology, deals with the topic of limits in the capacity of working memory.
George A. Miller
Author of “Elements of a theory of problem solving,” published in Psychological Review in 1958. This was a landmark paper of the cognitive revolution, one of the first to show a clear and thorough demonstration of artificial intelligence.
Alan Newell, J. C. Shaw, and Herbert Simon
Authored by a British mathematician and cryptographer, the paper “Computing machinery and intelligence” is one of the landmark seminal papers establishing the field of artificial intelligence. Published in 1950 in the venerable British journal Mind, just as digital computers were becoming a reality, it posed the question “Can machines think?” and proposed ways of testing that question.
Alan Turing
Wrote the 1962 American Psychologist paper, “Some psychological studies of grammar,” which was intended to introduce grammatical theory and linguistic principles to psychologists.
George A. Miller
This 1990 paper in Scientific American, entitled “Is the brain’s mind a computer program?” was a philosopher’s intended refutation of the logic of the “Turing test.”
John Searle
This 1960 book, entitled Plans and the Structure of Behavior, is considered by many to be the seminal work of the cognitive revolution.
George A. Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl H. Pribram
What research tradition in the area of brain, behavior, and cognition led to the U.S. Federal Government’s “Head Start” program that has been in effect since 1965?
The enriched environment research at U.C. Berkley
Which of the following cognitive and memory researchers were associated with the Applied Psychology Research Unit (APU) at Cambridge University?
A.
Frederick Bartlett
B.
Kenneth Craik
C.
Donald Broadbent
D.
All of the above
D. All of the Above
Author of the 1951 paper, “The Problem of Serial Order in Behavior,” one of the most influential papers of the cognitive revolution.
Karl Lashley
Student of Karl Lashley, mentor of Brenda Milner, and major figure in 20th century physiological psychology, and author of the 1949 book The Organization of Behavior
D.O. Hebb
Established an interdisciplinary team at U.C. Berkeley for the study of enriched environments and their impact upon the brain
Krech, Rosenzweig, and Bennett
Swiss psychologist whose work on the developmental aspects of cognition, or “genetic epistemology” as he calls it, kept cognitive research going through the behaviorist era.
Jean Piaget
Intensely studied H. M., a patient with dramatic anterograde amnesia, and demonstrated clearly that declarative memory (facts, knowledge) was profoundly affected by the surgery, but procedural memory (skills and procedures) was intact. This one patient “helped us understand memory more than any other case study in the history of neuropsychology.”
Brenda Milner
A student of Karl Lashley, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981 for his “split-brain” work.
Roger Sperry
An early member of the Applied Psychology Research Unit (APU) at Cambridge University in the 1930s who did in-depth naturalistic studies of persons recalling details from a Native American folktale, the “War of the Ghosts.
Frederick Bartlett
Another member of the Cambridge APU who, in the 1950s pioneered an “information processing” approach to attention and memory with his “filter theory” of attention
Donald Broadbent
A British mathematician and cryptographer whose 1936 paper on “computable numbers” provided a definition of computation that was used as a basis for developing digital computers twenty years later.
Alan Turing
