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biology > cc2 - cell structure + organisation > Flashcards

cc2 - cell structure + organisation Flashcards

1
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

cell containing true nucleus + membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

structure of nucleus

A

surrounded by nuclear envelope - semi permeable + double membraned
nuclear pores - allow substance to enter/exit
dense nucleolus - (made of RNA + proteins) assembles ribosomes

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3
Q

function if nucleus

A

contains DNA coiled around chromatin into chromosomes
coordinates cellular activity

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4
Q

chromatin

A

DNA-protein complex in eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

structure of mitochondria

A

surrounded by double membrane, mitochondrial envelope
folded inner membrane forms cristae (large SA)
fluid matrix contains mitochondrial DNA, respiratory enzymes, lipids + proteins

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6
Q

function of mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration producing ATP

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7
Q

structure of endoplasmic reticulum

A

series of flattened membrane bound sacs (cisternae) within cytoplasm, continuous w/ nuclear envelope
two types: rough er + smooth er

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8
Q

function if smooth er

A

lipid synthesis

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9
Q

function of rough er

A

many ribosomes attached for protein synthesis + transport

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10
Q

structure of ribosomes

A

made of rRNA and proteins
found free in cytoplasm or associated w/ RER

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11
Q

function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis (translation)
- large subunit joins amino acids
- small subunit reads RNA

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12
Q

structure of golgi body

A

planar stack of membrane bound organelles, flattened sacs
cis face aligns w/ rer
molecules processed in cisternae
vesicles bud of trans face via exocytosis

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13
Q

fuction of golgi body

A

modifies + packages proteins for export
synthesises glycoproteins

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14
Q

structure + function if lysosomes

A

fluid filled vesicles surrounded by single membrane, contains enzymes
role in phagocytosis, digest unwanted materials in cytoplasm

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15
Q

structure of centrioles

A

cylindrical
organised into microtubules in a 9+0 pattern
found in pairs in centrosomes

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16
Q

function of centrioles

A

migrate to opp poles of cells in prophase
involved in organisation of spindle fibres

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17
Q

structure of chlorplast

A

disc shaped surrounded by double membrane
thyalkoids - flattened discs stacked to form grana
grana - contain photosystems w/ chlorphyll
intergranal lamellae - tubes attach thylakoids in adjacent grana
stroma - fluid filled matrix

18
Q

function of a chlorplast

A

site of photosynthesis

19
Q

structure of permanent vacuole in plants

A

surrounded by single membrane - tonoplast
contains cell sap (mineral ion, water, enzymes, soluble pigments)

20
Q

function of permanent vacuole in plants

A

controls turgor pressure
water storage
isolates harmful waste producst
maintains ph

21
Q

plasmodesmata

A

microscopic channels between plant cell wall that facilitate communication and symplastic transport

22
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

type of cell not containing any membrane bound organelles or a true nucleus

23
Q

structure + function of flagella in prokaryotic cells

A

long whip like protrusion made of flagellin
rotates to propel organism
sensory organ

24
Q

how is genetic information stored in prokaryotes

A

plasmids - small rings of DNA that carry non essential genes, exchanged between bacterial cells via conjugation
loop of DNA - circular DNA stored in nucleoid region of cell

25
Q

structure + function of pili in prokaryotic cells

A

hair like microfibres made of pilin that extend through cell wall
enable attachment of bacteria to each other + to other surfaces

26
Q

structure + function of mesosome

A

infolds of cell memrbrane
increase SA of cell, aiding cellular respiration

27
Q

function of capsule in prokaryotic cells

A

protective slimy layer
helps cell retain moisture + adhere to other surfaces

28
Q

organelles found in both eukaryotic + prokaryotic cells

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm with form of cytoskeleton
ribosomes

29
Q

contrast eukaryotic + prokaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic:
small, unicellular
no membrane bound organelles
circular DNA, not associated with proteins
70s ribosomes
reproduce by binary fission
peptidoglycan cell wall
eukaryotic:
large, often multicellular
contain membrane bound organelles + true nucleus
linear chromosomes associated with histones
80s ribosomes
reproduce by sexual or asexual reproduction
cellulose (plant), chitin (animal) cell wall

30
Q

contrast eukaryotic plant + animal cells

A

plant cell:
cellulose cell wall
large permanent vacuole
contains chlorplasts
no pseudopodia
animal cells:
no cell wall
small temporary vacuoles (vesicles)
no chloroplasts
some may have pseudopodia

31
Q

light microscope

A

uses series of lenses to magnify visible light reflecting off a specimem

32
Q

magnification

A

number of times bigger an image appears compared to size of specimen

33
Q

how magnification of image is calculated

A

size of image
magnification = ————————
size of specimen

34
Q

cell theory

A

cell is fundamental unit of all life forms
new cells can be formed from existing cells
cells contain genetic material which can be transferred to daughter cells

35
Q

virus

A

non living microorganism that consists of genetic material surrounded by a protein husk

36
Q

how viruses differ from prokaryotic + eukaryotic cells

A

virus:
non living
smaller + simpler in structure
genetic material in form of DNA or RNA
can only reproduce within a host cell
no ribosomes
prokaryotic + eukaryotic cells:
living
larger + more complex structure
genetic material in form of DNA
independent cell division, sexual or asexual
contain ribosomes

37
Q

how are multicellular organisms organised

A

cells make tissue
tissues make organ
organs make organ system

38
Q

tissue

A

group of cell working together to carry out specific function

39
Q

organ

A

group of tissues working together to carry out specific function

40
Q

organ system

A

group of organs working together to carry out specific function

biology (11 decks)

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