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ANAPHY > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrafiltrate of plasma; waste product
- is formed by the nephron and drains into the papillary ducts.

A

URINE

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2
Q

Filtration of blood

A

Urinary System

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3
Q

Study of anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of kidneys

A

NEPHROLOGY

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3
Q

Study of male and female urinary system, and male reproductive system

A

UROLOGY

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4
Q

Physician who specializes in Urology

A

UROLOGIST

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5
Q

Main organ of the Urinary System; large, bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally adjacent to the posterior body wall.

A

Kidney

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6
Q

The ____ kidney is lower because of the liver

A

right kidney

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7
Q

Function of Kidney: Excretion of _____

A

waste/nitrogenous substances

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7
Q

Function of Kidney: Regulation of blood ionic _______

A

composition

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8
Q

Function of Kidney: Regulation/Maintenance of 5 blood __

A

blood pH (Hydrogen ions not to be acidic), blood volume, blood pressure, blood osmolarity, blood glucose level

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8
Q

Function of Kidney: Production of ____

A

Hormones

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9
Q

Pelvis, Calyx, Ureter, Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Renal hilum

A

Anatomy of Kidney

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10
Q

outer portion of the kidney

A

renal cortex

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11
Q

A sagittal section through the kidney shows a darker, outer cortex and a lighter,
inner medulla, which consists of numerous cone-shaped renal pyramids.

A

renal medulla

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11
Q

_____ is where the ureter emerges; The concave, medial border of the kidney and contains three large structures, the renal artery, renal vein, and the funnel-shaped renal
pelvis and Surrounding these structures is loose connective tissue and a fat-filled space
called the _______

A

renal hilum; renal sinus

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12
Q

functional unit of the kidney; filters blood

A

nephron

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12
Q

where blood exits to go back to the blood vessels then to the heart

A

renal vein

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12
Q

where blood enters then to the cortex then to the medulla for filtration in nephrons

A

renal artery

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12
Q

the protective connective tissue of the kidney; surrounds the renal capsule; thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that
anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and to the abdominal wall

A

renal fascia

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12
Q

made of adipose cells; protects, insulates and protects kidney and is a layer of tissue surrounding each kidney that is a fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule
that protects the kidney from trauma and holds the kidney firmly in place within the
abdominal cavity

A

adipose capsule

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12
Q

Afferent Arterioles - Glomerular Capillaries - Efferent Arterioles - Peritubular Capillaries

A

Filtration occurs

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13
Q

(renal cortex) removal of waste and reabsorption of nutrients, it is more abundant

A

Cortical Nephron

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13
Q

(renal medulla) Urine concentration

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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13
Q

where blood is filtered
*glomerulus
*bownman’s capsule

A

renal corpuscle

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14
Q

where the filtrate passes
*Proximal Convoluted Tubule
*Loop of Henle
*Distal Convoluted Tubule

A

renal tubule

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14
Q

major site of absorption because of microvilli

it increases surface area for absorption (bush borders)

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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15
Q

Glomerular capsule

*Modified simple squamous epithelium “podocytes”

A
  • Visceral Layer
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15
Q

Glomerular capsule

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Parietal layer

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15
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells with prominent brush borders of microvilli

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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15
Q

Simple squamous epithelial cells

A

Nephron loop: descending limb and thin ascending limb

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15
Q

Simple squamous to low columnar epithelial cells

A

Nephron loop: thick ascending limb

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16
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells (macula densa) - combines with juxtaglomerular cells to produce juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Most of distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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16
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium consisting of principal cells (aldosterone & ADH) and intercalated cells (homeostasis).

A

Last part of DCT and all of collecting duct (CD)

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16
Q

Water and most solutes are filtrated; occurs in the renal corpuscle

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

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16
Q

99% of water and useful
solutes; occur all along the renal tubule and collecting duct

A

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

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16
Q

TUBULAR REABSORPTION:

entry of new substance in the body

A

**ABSORPTION

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17
Q

TUBULAR REABSORPTION:

Return of substance in bloodstream

A

** REABSORTION

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17
Q

Removing a substance from blood
- Wastes, drugs, and excess ions; occur all along the renal tubule and collecting duct

A

TUBULAR SECRETION

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17
Q

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION (THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE)

prevents filtration of blood cells but allows all components of blood plasma to pass through
- 0.07 um to 0.1 um (larger will not come out)

A

Fenestration (pore) of glomerular endothelial cells

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18
Q

(THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE)

water and solutes pass from blood plasma into the capsular space

A

glomerular filtration

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18
Q

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION (THE FILTRATION MEMBRANE)

prevents filtration of larger proteins
heparam sulfate - negatively charged to repel

A

basement membrane of glomerulus

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19
Q

prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins
-wraps around endothelial cells
-0.006 - 0.007 um

A

slit membrane between pedicels

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20
Q

NET FILTRATION PRESSURE

-inside glomerular capillaries; 55 mmHg

A

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

NET FILTRATION PRESSURE
- filtration against membrane by the fluid already in the capsular space and renal tubule
- 15 mmHg

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure

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22
Q

NET FILTRATION PRESSURE
- presence of protein in blood plasma
- 30 mmHg

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure

23
Q

the total pressure that promotes filtration

A

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

24
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

GBHP − CHP − BCOP

25
Q
  • decreases the glomerular filtration rate by causing vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles (dilate space to brine more blood to kidneys
  • enhances reabsorption of Na+ and water in the proximal convoluted tubule by stimulating the activity of Na+ -H+ antiporters
  • stimulates the adrenal aldosterone
A

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE-SYSTEM

26
Q

a hormone that in turn stimulates the principal cells in the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and secrete more K+. The osmotic consequence of reabsorbing more Na+ is that more water is reabsorbed, which causes an increase in blood volume and blood pressure

A

aldosterone

27
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells secrete ____ which act with angiotensinogen to activate angiotensin I in the lungs (angiotensin converting enzyme) to angiotensin II to constrict afferent arterioles and adrenal cortex

A

renin

28
Q

enzymes present in the lungs to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

angiotensin converting enzyme

29
Q

HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS

Low blood volume or low blood pressure
stimulates renin-induced production of
angiotensin II.

A

Angiotensin II

30
Q

HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS

Increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid or
decreased blood volume promotes release
of ADH from posterior pituitary gland.

A

Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)

30
Q

HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS

Stretching of atria of heart stimulates ANP
secretion. (heart)

A

Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)

30
Q

HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS

Decreased level of plasma Ca2+ promotes
release of PTH from parathyroid glands. (Calcium)

A

Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)

31
Q

HORMONE WHERE THE MAJOR STIMULI IS

Increased angiotensin II level and increased
level of plasma K+ promote release of
aldosterone by adrenal cortex.

A

Aldosterone

31
Q

HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS

Stimulates activity of Na+–H+ antiporters
in proximal tubule cells.

A

Angiotensin II

32
Q

HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS

Enhances activity of sodium–potassium
pumps in basolateral membrane and Na+
channels in apical membrane of principal
cells in collecting duct.

A

Aldosterone

32
Q

HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS

Stimulates insertion of water channel
proteins (aquaporin-2) into apical
membranes of principal cells.

A

Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)

32
Q

HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS

Suppresses reabsorption of Na+ and water
in proximal tubule and collecting duct;
inhibits secretion of aldosterone and ADH.

A

Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)

33
Q

HORMONE WHICH MECHANISM AND SITE OF ACTION IS

Stimulates opening of Ca2+ channels in
apical membranes of early distal tubule cells.

A

Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)

33
Q

HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE

Increases reabsorption of Na+ and
water, which increases blood volume
and blood pressure.

A

Angiotensin II

33
Q

HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE

Increases secretion of K+ and
reabsorption of Na+; increases
reabsorption of water, which increases
blood volume and blood pressure.

A

Aldosterone

33
Q

HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE

Increases facultative reabsorption of
water, which decreases osmolarity of
body fluids.

A

Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)

34
Q

HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE

Increases excretion of Na+ in urine
(natriuresis); increases urine output
(diuresis) and thus decreases blood
volume and blood pressure.

A

Atrial natriuretic
peptide (ANP)

34
Q

HORMONE’S EFFECTS ARE

Increases reabsorption of Ca2+.

A

Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)

34
Q

cells that have aquaporin; the reabsorption of water

A

principal cells

34
Q

In urinalysis the normal volume is

A

1 to 2 litters in 24 hrs

34
Q

In urinalysis the normal color is

A

yellow/amber

34
Q

In urinalysis the normal specific gravity is

A

1.001-1.035
water pH = 1.000

35
Q

In urinalysis the normal turbidity is

A

transparent (cloudy when standing)

35
Q

In urinalysis the normal odor is

A

mildy aromatic (ammonia-like on standing)

36
Q

In urinalysis the normal pH is

A

4.6-8.0 (average is 6.0)

37
Q

2 responsible for the color of urine; pigment produced from breakdown of bile and the other from the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

urochrome; urobilin

37
Q

Normal constituent of plasma; usually appears in only very small amounts in urine because it is too large to pass
through capillary fenestrations. Presence of excessive albumin in urine-albuminuria

A

Albumin

38
Q

indicates increase in permeability of filtration membranes due to injury or disease, increased blood pressure, or
irritation of kidney cells by substances such as bacterial toxins, ether, or heavy metals.

A

albuminuria

39
Q

Presence of glucose in urine—glucosuria

A

Glucose

39
Q

usually indicates diabetes mellitus. Occasionally
caused by stress, which can cause excessive epinephrine secretion. Epinephrine stimulates breakdown of glycogen
and liberation of glucose from liver.

A

glucosuria

40
Q

Presence of red blood cells in urine—hematuria

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

40
Q

generally indicates pathological condition. One
cause is acute inflammation of urinary organs due to disease or irritation from kidney stones. Other causes: tumors,
trauma, kidney disease, contamination of sample by menstrual blood.

A

hematuria

41
Q

High levels of ketone bodies in urine—ketonuria

A

Ketone bodies

41
Q

may indicate diabetes mellitus, anorexia,
starvation, or too little carbohydrate in diet.

A

ketonuria

42
Q

When red blood cells are destroyed by macrophages, the globin portion of hemoglobin is split off and heme is
converted to biliverdin. Most biliverdin is converted to bilirubin, which gives bile its major pigmentation. Abovenormal level of bilirubin in urine is called bilirubinuria

A

Bilirubin

42
Q

Presence of urobilinogen (breakdown product of hemoglobin) in urine is called urobilinogenuria

A

Urobilinogen

43
Q

Trace amounts are normal, but elevated urobilinogen may be due to hemolytic or pernicious anemia,
infectious hepatitis, biliary obstruction, jaundice, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, or infectious mononucleosis.

A

urobilinogenuria

44
Q

kidney to urinary bladder

3 layers of tissue; mucosa muscularis and adventitia

A

ureters

44
Q

tiny masses of material that have hardened and assumed shape of lumen of tubule in which they formed,
from which they are flushed when filtrate builds up behind them. named after cells or substances that
compose them or based on appearance (for example, white blood cell casts, red blood cell casts, and epithelial cell
casts that contain cells from walls of tubules).

A

casts

44
Q

Number and type of bacteria vary with specific urinary tract infections. One of the most common is E. coli. Most
common fungus is yeast Candida albicans, cause of vaginitis. Most frequent protozoan is Trichomonas vaginalis,
cause of vaginitis in females and urethritis in males.

A

microbes

45
Q

layers of tissue in ureters
- changes size and shape depending on volume
- Transitional epithelium
- Lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)

A

MUCOSA

46
Q

layers of tissue in ureters
- Smooth muscle: Inner – Longitudinal, Outer – Circular

A

MUSCULARIS

47
Q

layers of tissue in ureters
- Anchors ureters in place

A

ADVENTITIA

47
Q

layers of tissue in urinary bladder

serosa (protective covering)

A

ADVENTITIA

47
Q

layers of tissue in urinary bladder
– Transitional epithelium
- Lamina propria (areolar connective tissue)
- rugae (folds) that allow expansion of bladder
-700-800 ml of urine

A

MUCOSA

48
Q

layers of tissue in urinary bladder

detrusor muscle
contract to push urine to urethra

A

MUSCULARIS

48
Q

amount of ml need to signal micturition center in sacral spinal cord segments s2 and s3

A

200-400 ml

48
Q

feeling of uriniating; reflex

A

micturition reflex

49
Q

system

prostatic urethra
intermediate urethra
spongy urethra

; it belongs to both reproductive and urinary system
; sperms also go through the urethra

A

males

50
Q

Superior to each kidney is the _____ embedded in renal
fat and connective tissue.

A

adrenal gland

50
Q

system

urethra only; it is separate from the reproductive system

A

females

50
Q

layer of tissue surrounding each kidney that covers each kidney with dense irregular connective tissue. It is a smooth and transparent sheet that is continuous with
the outer coat of the ureter that serves as a barrier against trauma and helps maintain the
shape of the kidney.

A

renal capsule

51
Q

The base of each pyramid faces the cortex and forms the corticomedullary boundary. The round apex of each pyramid extends downward to the renal pelvis to form the renal papilla. A portion of the cortex also extends on each side of the renal pyramids to form the renal columns.

A

RENAL MEDULLA

52
Q

is the renal pyramid, overlying the cortex and ½ of each adjacent
renal column.

A

renal lobe

53
Q

tests for urinary tract infections

A

urinalysis

54
Q

The renal cortex and the renal pyramids of the renal medulla together
constitute the ______ or functional portion of the kidney.

A

parenchyma

55
Q

Within the parenchyma are
the functional units of the kidney—about 1 million microscopic structures called

A

nephrons

56
Q

Each renal papilla is surrounded by a funnel-shaped minor calyx, which collects urine from the papilla. The minor calyces join in the renal sinus to form a major calyx. Major calyces, in turn, join to form the larger funnel-shaped renal pelvis

A

calyx

57
Q

leaves each kidney
through the hilum, narrows to become a muscular ureter, and descends toward the
bladder on each side of the posterior body wall.

A

renal pelvis

58
Q

microbes

E. coli

A

Escherichia coli

59
Q

microbes

Most
common fungus is yeast, cause of vaginitis

A

Candida albicans

60
Q

Microbes

Most frequent protozoan is

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

ANAPHY (5 decks)

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