6.1 & 6.2 SG Flashcards
Describe a Prokaryotic cell
A cell that has no nucleus or organelle and all of its cellular components are free floating within it. When they divide they are genetically similar so they are able to reproduce quickly.
Describe an Eukaryotic cell
A cell that is the opposite of a Prokaryotic, it has a nucleus and plenty of organelle and all of its cellular components are within it not floating around. These cells are more complex so they take longer to reproduce but are able to adapt to change
Describe a bacterial cell
It is a Prokaryotic cell, there are three types of bacterial cells: a Coccus, a bacillus, and a spirillum. The spirillum has a tail called a Flagellum which is utilized for movement Enzymes within the cell break down waste. It holds its DNA within its genes which are free floating in the cell. It has a cell membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell, carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen are able to get through, other things have to go in through proteins in the cell membrane. Its work is done by proteins which are made by the ribosomes and they get the genes for them from the Genes that copy and send them. It uses ATP for its energy and it makes its own from either sunlight or makes its own from food.
Describe an animal cell
An Eukaryotic cell that uses Lysosomes that have enzymes to break down waste so that the cell use it later, it holds its DNA within its genes which are stored in its nucleus. It has a cell membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell, carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen are able to get through, other things have to go in through proteins in the cell membrane. Its work is done by proteins which are made by the ribosomes and they get the genes for them from the Genes that copy and send them. It uses ATP for its energy and it makes its own from food.
Describe a plant cell
It has vacuoles which break down waste for the cell to use later. It holds its DNA within its genes which are stored in its nucleus. It has a cell wall for structural support and also a cell membrane that controls what goes in and out of the cell, carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen are able to get through, other things have to go in through proteins in the cell membrane. Its work is done by proteins which are made by the ribosomes and they get the genes for them from the Genes that copy and send them. It uses ATP for its energy and it makes its own from energy that it absorbs from the sun from its Chloroplasts and the mitochondria
Describe the components in the cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer, proteins, Cholesterol, carbohydrates, and the glycocalyx
what does the phospholipid bilayer do?
The main structural component of the cell membrane. They have a hydrophilic (water-attracting) “head” and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) “tails,” which arrange themselves to form a bilayer. This arrangement makes a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment.
What do proteins do in the cell membrane?
Integral Proteins: These proteins are embedded onto the phospholipid bilayer and may go around the entire membrane. They serve multiple functions such as transporting molecules across the membrane, acting as receptors for signaling molecules, and facilitating cell adhesion.
Peripheral Proteins: These proteins are on the exterior or interior surface of the membrane. They play a role in signaling, cell recognition, and maintaining the structure of the cell membrane.
What does cholesterol do in the cell membrane?
Cholesterol molecules are interspersed within the phospholipid bilayer. They provide stability to the membrane and regulate its fluidity, helping to maintain the integrity of the cell membrane.
What do carbohydrates do in the cell?
Carbohydrates are attached to proteins or lipids on the exterior surface of the cell membrane. They play a key role in cell recognition, communication, and the immune response.
What does the glycocalyx do in the cell membrane?
This is a fuzzy-appearing coating of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is involved in cell recognition, protection, and lubrication.
How do cells deal with their waste?
Eukaryotic cells rid themselves of waste through various methods, including exocytosis (where waste is expelled from the cell in vesicles) and through the actions of cellular organelles such as lysosomes, which contain enzymes that break down waste materials.
Prokaryotic cells eliminate waste through processes such as excretion and diffusion, where waste products are released into the surrounding environment.
How do cells serve as a container?
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells serve as a container for cellular components, including genetic material, organelles, and cytoplasm. The cell membrane in both types of cells helps maintain the internal environment and regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
How do cells contain sets of instructions?
Eukaryotic cells contain their genetic information within a membrane-bound nucleus, where DNA is organized into chromosomes.
Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and instead have their genetic material (DNA) in the form of a single, circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region of the cell.
How do cells read instructions?
In eukaryotic cells, the process of reading the genetic instructions involves transcription of DNA into mRNA, which then undergoes translation to produce proteins in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Prokaryotic cells perform transcription and translation in the same region of the cell, as they lack membrane-bound organelles. The mRNA produced from transcription is translated into proteins in the cytoplasm.
