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B1 Flashcards

1
Q

kg=g

A

kg=x1000=>g

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2
Q

mm=µm=nm

A

mm=x1000=>µm=x1000=>nm

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3
Q

m^3=dm^3=cm^3

A

m^3=x1000=>dm^3=x1000=>cm^3

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4
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification=Imange size/actual size
MIA

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5
Q

What is the method for microscopy?

A

1) Clip slide to stage
2)Select lowest powered objective lens
3)Coarse adjustment knob = to move stage to below objective lense.
4)Look down eyepiece =>objective knob=move stage downwards=roughly in focus.
5)Fine adjustment knob= clear image
6)Greater magnification= swap higher-powered objective lense= refocus

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Describe Binary Fission.

What is the diffrence between Plasmids + Large circular strands of DNA

A

-Happens in** Prokaryotic** cell (bacteria )
-since in single celled orgainism it’s (asexula) reproduction (1=>2)
1)Circular DNA + plasmid replicate.
2)The cell=bigger+circular DNA strands move to opposit ‘poles’ of cell.
3)Cytoplasm=divide=new cell wall=form
4)Cytoplasm divid into 2x daughter cells. Each= i copy of circular DNA ( varies number of copies of plasmids).

Large circular strands of DNA- important genes
Plasmids- Non-essential

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8
Q

What are the optimum conditions for Bactera divison?

What else may vary the mean division time?

A

Warm+lots of nutrients+ moist

Species of bacteria

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9
Q

What is the fastest Bacteria can divide?

A

20mins if in right conditions if in unfavourable condtions will stop dividing+ begin to die.

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10
Q

A bacterial cell has a mean division time of 30 mins. How many cells will it have produced after 2.5 h

A

2.5h x 60=150 min
150min/30 mins= 5 divisions
2^5=32

Number of bacteria =2^n

Number of bacteria =2^n

Time there is / mean divition time=x
yX2^x=ANS
Beggining bac amount=y

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11
Q

What enzyme is produced in the salivary glands?

A

-Amylase (in saliva)

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12
Q

What enzyme is produced in the Liver glands?

A

-Where bile is produced
-Bile=neutralises stomach acid+ emulsifies fats

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13
Q

What is stored + prodouced in the gall bladder?

A

-Bile= stored
-Released=small intestine

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14
Q

What is the function of the Large intestine?

A

-Excess water= absorbed

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15
Q

How do you calculate the inhibition zone?

A

Full area of circul including disk

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16
Q

ikppp

What 3 things are done when making microscope slide?

A
  1. Specimin must be thin so light can pentrate so individual cells can be seen.
  2. Apply stain (e.g. Iodine) to see sub cellular structures
  3. lower slip at an angle= prevents air bubbles wich disrupt view of specimin.
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17
Q

What is the diffrence in a plant and animal cell?What kind of cell are they?

A

-Eurkryotic
Both have:
* Nucleus
* cytoplasm
* Cell menbrane
* Mitochondria
* Ribosomes
Plants also have:
* Rigid cell wall- made of cellulose supports + strenthens cell
* Permaaent vacule- cell sap(weak sloution of sugar+salt).
* Chloroplasts

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18
Q

What structures may a Bacterai have what kind of cell are they?

A

-Prokaryotes
* Cell membrane
* Cell wall
* Cytoplasm
* Single starnd of DNA
* Plasmids
* No chloroplast/ mitocondria

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19
Q

What is the diffrence between a light microscope and an electron microscope?

What is resolution and magnifiction?

A

Light microscope:
* Uses ligh + lenses
* Can see large cells + some lare subcellular structures ( nuclei)
Electron microscope:
* Use electrons to form image
* Higher magifiction than light microscopes.
* Higher resolution than light microscopes=> can see in mitocondria subcellular

Ability to distingus ebetween 2 points sharper image/clarity

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20
Q

How do you prepare a slide for the microscope?

What is a stain?

A

1)Add water drop to middle of clean slide.
2)cut onion + seperat into layers, use twezer to peel of some of the epidermal tissue from bottem of some of the layers.
3)Place emidermal tissue on slide via tweezers.
4)(if you want) add drop of iodine solution.
5)Place cover slip over.Tilt and lowr carfuly to stop air buble witch could obstruct view.

Stain can highlight obeject by adding colour.

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21
Q

How shoud you draw your microscope observations?

A

1)Draw with a sharp pencil
2)Make it take up half the space, draw with clear unbrocken lines.
3)No colouring/shading
4)Subcellular structures draw in proportion
5)Include a title of what obsevation is of + magnification
6)Straite lines to lable important features.

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22
Q

What is differentiation when and where does it occour Why is it important?

A

-Differentiation-process in wich a cell changes to become specialiesd for its job.
-Mostly occirs in development e.g embryo. Plants can continue to differentate.
-When cells mature they are used to repair and replace cells e.g skin or blood. Devlopment of specailse cells allow cells to carry out specific functions.

23
Q

What is the function/ role of the sperm cell and what are it’s adaptations?

A

Sperm cells: specialised to carry the male’s DNA to the egg cell (ovum) for
successful reproduction
● Streamlined head +llong tail =swimming
● Many mitochondria = supply the energy to =cell to move/swim
● The acrosome (top of the head) has digestive enzymes = break down
the outer layers of membrane of the egg cell

24
Q

What is the function/ role of the Nerve cells and what are it’s adaptations?

A

Nerve cells: specialised to transmit electrical signals rapidy from one place in the body to another
● The axon is long= impulses carried along long distances
● Having lots of extensions/dendrites =
branched connections =can form with other nerve cells
● nerve endings have many mitochondria = supply the energy to =special transmitter chemicals called neurotransmitters= the impulse to be passed from one cell to another.

25
Q

What is the function/ role of the muscle cell and what are it’s adaptations?

A

Muscle cells: specialised to contract quickly to move bones (striated muscle)
or simply to squeeze therefore causing movement
● Special** proteins** (myosin and actin) slide over each other, causing the
muscle to contract
● Lots of mitochondria to provide energy from respiration for contraction
● They can store a chemical called glycogen that is used in respiration by
mitochondria

26
Q

What is the function/ role of the Root hair cells and what are it’s adaptations?

A

Root hair cells: specialised to take up water by osmosis and mineral ions by
active transport from the soil as they are found in the tips of roots
● large surface area due to root hairs=surface area more water can move in .
● Mitochondria = energy from respiration for the active transport

27
Q

What is the function/ role of the Xylem cells and what are it’s adaptations?

A

Xylem cells: specialised to transport water and mineral ions up the plant from the roots to the shoots
● hollow +dead cells_ joined end-to-end=no walls between= continuous tube of water/transpiration streem .
● Strenthened via liginin withstand preasure due to water

no food =dead +hollow

28
Q

What is the function/ role of the Phloem cells and what are it’s adaptations?

What is the diffrence between translocation + transpiration?

ph =f =food

A

Phloem cells: specialised to carry the products of photosynthesis** (food e.g cell sap)** to all
parts of the plants ( up and down) **translocation
● Cell (elongated) walls of each cell** = sieve plates (pores) allowing cell sap through.
●cells energy they need to
be alive is supplied by the mitochondria of the companion cells.

tranSLOCation- movment of food substances
tranSPIRation- movment of wat

29
Q

What are chromosomes? How many do humans have?

A
  • Chromosomes are paired coiked up DNA consisting of genes
  • humans=23 chromosomes (except gametes)
30
Q

Describe mitosis/ the cell cycle.

What is the cell cycle?

A

1)DNA replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome ( remain attached). cell grow and copies internal structures e.g. mitochondria + ribosomes.
2)Mitosis-1 set of chromosome pulled to each end (pole) of the cell + nuclus divides
3)Cytoplasm + cell menbrane didvide X2 identical cells with 2 sts of chromosomes.

Process of cell divition

31
Q

What are the functions of mitosis?

A

1) Grow + development of multi cellular organisms (e.g. plants + animals)
2) When an organism repairs itself
3) Asexual reproduction

32
Q

Define binary fission

A

-Binary fission:Bacteria multiplying via simple cell division (1 =>2).

33
Q

Define/describe theses phases in binary fission:
1)Lag phase
2)Exponetial growth
3)Stationary phases
4)Death phases

When on a graph what is on the y-axis what is on the x-axis?

A

1)Lag phase-Pre binnary fission
2)Exponetial growth-Binary fission in optimum conditions
3)Stationary phases-Number of bac dividing=number of bac dieing
4)Death phase-Rte of bac decrease due to: lack of oxygen,nutrents, PH, toxins, high / low temp.

x-axis: Time

y-axis :number of variable bac
x-axis: Time

34
Q

What temprature should you culture micoorganisms at in schools? Why? What about industral conditions?

A
  • Below 25
  • Harmful pathogens=more likely to grow
  • Industrial= higer temp=>grow faster
35
Q

Describe the method for culturing microoganismas?

A
  1. Place paper disks soked in diff type/conc of anitbiotics on ager dish that has even bac covering ( with space inbetween )
    * 2. leave for 48 hours at 25
36
Q

What controle could you do for culturing microogansims?

A
  • Paper disk thats not soked (add sterile water).
  • Any growth is only dependant on antibiotics (IV)
37
Q

1) which anitbiotic is more effective?
2) Lable the white area

A

1)b A=pieX(radius)squared
=>larger inhibition zone =more bac killed
2)inhibition zone

38
Q

How how would you use sterlistion in monclonal antibodys?

What may happen if you don’t?

A

1) Autoclave oven-put all equitment in
2) put inoculating loop through blue flam
3) light tap on lid- stop microoganisms in ait getting in
4) Upside down-stop condensation falling on surface

39
Q

What is a diifertiated and on differntiated cell?

A
  • Differentiation- process by wich cell changes to becom specialised at it’s job
  • Undifferentated-stem cells= can divid into lots of diff cells
40
Q

Where can we find stem cells in humans and plants?

A
  • Human:
  • Early embryo ( this is the staring point for all cell in body so can diff into anthing)
    -Bone marrowin adults can’t diff into all cells
  • Plants:
    -Meristems( were growth happens)
    -found the whole life of plant
    -Allows us to clone plants qickly + cheaply ( clone good features save rare species)
41
Q

How are stem cells used in medicin?

A

-transfer stem cells form bone marrow/embryonic to sick =replace faulty cells (e.g. blood/ inclin prodcing cells….)

42
Q

What is Therapeutic cloning?What are the pros?

A
  • Embroyo with same genetic info= same genes ind stem cells produced= no rejection
43
Q

Pros and cons of stem cells.

A

Cons:
-Potential for human life ( waste form fertility clinics)=> find other ways
-Could be regected
-Bone marrow extration=painful
-Cantamination= siker
Pros:
+Cure may diseases

44
Q

Define diffusion. Where does it happen?

What about : conc gradient + temp

A

Thenet movement of particle from and area of low concentration to an area of high concentation
* happens in gas
* moves with the concentration gradient
* higher temp=higher diffution rate

45
Q

Describe cell mbranse and diffution

A

-disoved substances can move in+ out only small e.g. glucose ect not big molcules can’t fit

46
Q

Define osmosis

A

The net movment of **water molocules **form an area of low water concentration to an area of high water concentration through a partially permiable membrane

47
Q

Describe the potato osmosis practicle

What are the variable and errors? what does mass tell you about osmosis?

A
  1. Cut up potatos into identical cylinders.
  2. Get some beakers of water with diff suger conc. (1)pure water 0mol/dm^3
    (2) vey conc=1mol/dm^3 (e.g. 0.2,0.4..)
    3.Masure cylender mass with mass balance
    4.leave cylinder in soltion for 24h
    5.Take out pat dry measure mass
    6.Calculate pecentage change and plot.
    DV: chip mass
    IV: conc of soltion
    CV: Vol of soltion, temp, time, suger type ect
    Errors:
    -Cylinders= not fully dryed=excess water=higher mass
    -water evap= conc change
    =>mean percentage change

Water drawn out= increas mass

48
Q

What is the defintion of active transport?

Give 2 examples of active transport

A

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to and area of** high concentration against the concentration gradient wich is anactive** process requreing energy

Root hair cell-mineral ions
Gut-nutrients

49
Q

Describe/explain how active transport works in gut.

A

Sometimes the conc in the gut=lower than blood :
glucse=taken into blood when body conc=higher than gut=>transported by cells for respiration.

50
Q

What are some adaptations of exchange surfaces?

A
  • Thin membran-short diffution pathway
  • Large SA:Vol-lots of subsances diffuse at once
  • Lots of blood vessels- lots enter blood quickly
  • Gas exchange surface- well venticlated=air moves in and out
51
Q

How is the Aleoli adapted for it’s function?

A

Maximisation of carbon dioxide and oxygen diffution:
* Large SA
* Mosit lining=dissovled gases
* very thin walls
* Good blood supply

52
Q

How are the villi ad
adpted for their function?

A

Absorb digested food to move into blood:
* increase the SA= quick absorbtion
* 1 cell thick
* Good blood supply

53
Q

Describe how gases diffuse in leaves.

How and why does wter vapour leave the plant?

A

Carbon dioxide=diffuses into airs spaces in leaf then cell where photosysis occurs:
* Underside=lots of stomata=CO2 diffuses in
* O2= water vapour diffuse in + out of stomata
* Guard cells= control shape of stomata close=losing water faster than uptake through transpitration
* Flat leaf- large SA
* Air spaces- increas area= higher chance CO2 comes in

Evap form cells in leaf=> escape via diffuition.

54
Q

How are gills adpted fro their function?

A
  • Water ebnters via mouth=> pass through gills O2 form H2O diffuses form water 2 blood+ CO2 diffuses from blood to water.
  • Gill filaments_thin plater= Large SA
  • Lamellea= increase SA+ lots cappilerys
  • Thin diffution pathway
  • Blood flows one ways water the other=high conc gradient
  • Conc of O2 in water=Higher than blood+max diffution

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