Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

-Microorganism that enters the body and cause disease
-Commumunicable +easily spread
-Animals + plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is bacteria?

A

-Very small cells=> can rapidly reproduce in body
-Produce toxins=> damage cell and tissues=> ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a viruse?

A

-Can rapidly reproduce in body
- Live in cells=> replicate themselfs through cells machinery=> copies of themself=> cell burst= release new virus
-causes cell damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are protists?

A

-All eukaryotes, mostly single celled.
-Mostly parasites= live on/in other organisms causing damage=> often transfered via vector wich dosnt get ill it’s self e.g. mosiquito.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is fungi?

A

-Hyphae grow + pentrate human skin= diseases
-Can produce spores= spread to other plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the ways pathogens can be spread?

A

1)Water- Drinking/.bathing in dirty water
2)Air- Carried through air then breathed in, can be carried through water droplets (from cough/ sneeze) e.g. influenza+ flu.
3) Direct contact- Touching contaminated surfaces (skin) e.g. athlets foot spread through skinflakes (fungus).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Measles

A

-Viral diseas
-Spred: infected persons cough + sneeze.
-Symptoms: red rash + fever signs.
-Can be faitle with complications
-Most are vacinated against it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

HIV

A

-Viral disease
-Spread: sexual contact/ sharing of bodly fluids e.g. needle sharing.
-flu like symptioms, may not devlop symptoms for years
-Controled via antireviral drugs= stop repliction
-Attacks immune cells
-when immune system= damaged can’t cope with infections or cancer= late stage HIV/ AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Tobacco mosais virus (TMV)

A

-virus affecting plants, many species.
-causes mosaic pattern on leaves= partial discoloration=> photsynthesis can’t occur= stunted growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rose black spot

A

-fungus
-Purple/ black spots of rose plant + leaves tun **yellow **+ drop off
-Less photosynthesis= dosn’t grow as well
-Spread: wind
-Treatment: gardeners use fungicides = strip plant of affected leaves
-Leave= destroyed= no spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Malaria

A

-Caused by protist, disease

-Mosquito= vector= pick up protist when feeding of infected animal.
-Each feeding=infected animimal=> insert protis into animal’d blood vessle
-Repeating fever episodes, can be fatal
- Reduces via preventing mosuito breeding
-Insecticids + mosquito net = protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Salmonella

A

-**Bactera **that causes food poisoning
-Symptons: fever, stomach cramps, vomiting + diarrhoae
-cause via toxins.
-Got via : eating contaminated food ( eg.g chicken wich has been infected when dead or alive). Eating food prepared in unhygenic conditions.
-UK poultry+ vaccinated against Salmonella= control spreed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

-STD- sexual contact
-Cause by bacteria
-Symptoms: Pain urinationg, thick yellow/ green discharge
- Antibiotic penicllin however some resistant strains.
-Preventing spread; those trated= use barrier method.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Preventing/reducing the spread of disease

A

1) Being hyginic- hygen e.g. washing hands before cooking/ after sneezing.
2)Destruction of vectors- Remove organism spreading diseeease+ prvent it being passed of. Vector= incet killed via insecticide / detruction of their habitat (= no more breeding).
3)** Isolationg afffected individuals- communicable dideas= prevents it being passed on.
4)Vaccination**- Can’t develop infection+ pass it on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

Method

A

1)Antibodies produce B-lymphocytes- type of white blood cell.
2)Lots of clones of single white blood cell are produced=> all antibodies=identical + only target 1 specific protein antigen.
3)B-lymphocytes don’t divide very easily
4) Tumour cells = divid lots and can be grow easily.
5)Hybridoma= fuse of mouse B-lymphocytes with tumour cell.
6)Hybridoma= cloned lots of identical cells all produce the same antibodies (MA) => then collected + purifyed
Summary:
-Antigen injected into mouse
-Specific B-lymphocyte produced
-B-lymphocte fused with tumour cell= Hybridoma
-Production of desired antiboy occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why can monclonal antibodies be useful?

A

-Monclonal antibodies can be produced to bind to anuthing e.g. antigen.
-Useful as: Only bind to target molecule=> can be used to bind to specific chemical in body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What mineral ions do plants use? What do they do?

A

Mineral ions are needed form soil, shortage= deficiency symptoms:
-Nitrates: Used for protein=> growth/ stunted growth.
-Magnesium ions: Needed to make chorophyll=> photosynthesis/ chlorosis+ yellow leaves.

18
Q

Signs of plant disease

A

1) Stunted growth
2) Spots on leaf
3) Paches of decay/rot
4) Abnormal growths/lumps
5) Malformed stem/leaf
6) Discoloration

19
Q

Can plants get infected?

A

-They can be infected by : viral,bacterial and fungal.
-They can be infested by insets/pests e.g. Aphids are an incest thet can damage plants

20
Q

How can plant diseases be identifyed?

A

1)Look up signs in Grdening manual/website.
2)Taking plants to a lab for scientist to identify pathogen.
3)Monclonal antibodie test kits

21
Q

What are some physical plant defences?

A

1) Waxy cuticle= provides barrier to stop pathogen entry.
2) Cell walls= surround plants (made of cellulose)provides barrier to stop pathogen entry.
3)Layers of dead cells- surround stems e.g. out part of tree=bark=dead cells provides barrier to stop pathogen entry.

22
Q

What are some chemical plant defences?

A

1) Antibacterial chemicals (that kill bac) e.g. witch hazel & mint plant.
2)Poisons- deter herbivores e.g. foxglove & deadly nightshade.

23
Q

What are some mechanical plant defences?

A

1)Thorns & hair= Stop animals from touching & eating them.
2) Droop/curl(mimicry)= when touched= prevents being eaten by knocking insects by moving away.
3)Some palnts mimic other organisms e.g. living stones mimic stone /pebble=> tricks organisms into not eating them.

24
Q

What are some non-specific defences?

A

-Skin= barrier to pathogens + secrets antimicrobial substances(=kill pathogens).
-Hairs + mucus= trap particle in the nose wich coul contain pathogens.
- Trachea + bronchi= secret mucus = traps pathogens=> lined with cilia (hair-like stucture) wich waft up mucus to back of throat=> swalloed.
-Stomach=> HCL= kill pathogens wich pass mouth.

25
Q

How do the white blood cells in the body attack pathogens?

A
26
Q

How do white blood cells attack pathogens?

A

1) Phagocytosis: WBC engulf foreign cell + digest them ( evil hug).
2)Antigens:
>Invator has unique antigen molecule on surface.
>when some WBC’s come across foreign antigen=>protiens/ antibodys= produced => lock onto specific ( won’t lock onto others)antigen to be found by other WBC to be destroyed.
>Antibodys= prodceed rapidy + carried round body to find simmilar bactera/virus.
>If person is infected by same pathogen again WBC will rapidly reproduce antibodies to kill it = natural immunity, production = so fast symptoms don’t occur/mild.
3)Anti toxins produced= counteract invading bacteria.

27
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

-Dead or inactive pathogen injected.
-Triggers Lymphocytes to produce antibodys in the primary immune responce=> memory cells produced.
-If exposed to same pathogen: memory cells triggered=>produce large conc of antibodies=> immeadetly + rapidly destry/kill/neutralise pathogen befor sympthoms ( secondary immune responce).

28
Q

What are the pros+ cons of vaccination?

A

Pros:
+Help control lots of communicable disease once commom e.g. Smallpox.
+Prevent large epidemics through large % of population being vacinated= unvacinated are less liky to cach as less people to pass it on,** herd immunity.**
Cons:
-Vaccines don’t always work- somtime immunityb isn’t given.
-Negative raction swelling seizure although rare.

29
Q

How do painkillers work?What drugs are simmilar?

A

-E.g. asprin=> reliev pain not tacckle cue of disease/ kill pathogens=> reduces symptoms.
- Other drugs are simmilar reduce symptoms without takling underlying caue e.g. cold remedies.

30
Q

How to antibiotics work?

A

-Kill bacteria causing problem without killing your own body cells
-Diff antibiotics= kill diff bacteria, must be trated by correct one.
-Virus isn’t just detroyed as it’s in body cells (difficult without killing you cells).
-Antibiotics=reduce communicable diseases via bacteria>

31
Q

Describe how bacteria has become resistant to antibiotics.What can be done to stop this?

A

-Bacteria can mutate=> resistant to antibiotics
-If some bac in infection= resistant antiniotics= kill non-resistant strain.
-Resistaint population will increase as it survises + reproduces (natural selection).
-Resistaint strain= serious infection as it can’t be treated by antibiotics.
-To reduce this over perscription of antibiotics= avoided more so perscribed in more serous cases.
-Finish whole course=no resistant remain+ develop.

32
Q

How are plants and microorganisms used in drug creation?

A

-Plants produce= varity of chemicals= defece agianst:pathogen=pests.
-Some of these plants can be used to treat diseses/relieve symptoms:
>Asprin= painkiller for fever=> willow.
>Digitalis=treat heart conditions=>foxglove
-Microoganisms:
Flemming=>mould had no bacteria growth=> mold on petri dish= substance wich kill bac= Penicllin.

33
Q

Decrive the 2 stages of preclinical trials.

A

1)Preclinical: >tested on human cells + tissue in lab.
>Can’t be done on drugs wich affect whole orgains as it’s only a cell.
2)Preclinical-live animals, testing for:
>Test for Efficacy=>wether drug works/ produces desitred effect >toicity =>how harmful
>Best dosage=>concentrtion how often it should be given pill cream ect.

34
Q

Describe/explain the process of clinical trials.

A

1)If animal tests are passed tested on human volenters in clinical trial.
2)1st teasted on healthy voluenteer= no harmful side effects when the body is functionning normally, very low dose graduall increase.
3)Good results+ teated on ill=>optimum dose (most effective least side effects)found,
4)To test ethicacy ramdomly put in X2 groups one give drug other=placebo(sugar pill)
5)They are double blind trials.
6)Results arn’t publishe untill peer reiew(check if work= valid+ rigerous)=> prevents false claims

35
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

-When the patient expects the treatment to work =>feels better even though drug isn’t doing anything.

36
Q

What is a double blind trial?And why is it important?

A

-Nither the doctor/pacirnt know wheather they hav the placebo.
-Meaks sure doctors monertering patients and subconsciously infulenced by their knowlage,

37
Q

How do pregnacy tests work?

A

-HGC =>hormon found in pregnant women-pregancy kit=detect it.
1)Wee in reation site- has antibodie(free to move) with blue beads attached.
2)Test strip (bit that turn blue in pregnancy) has stationary antibodie.
3)If pregnant:>HCG binds to antibodie on blue beads.
>Urin, move up stick carring: hormon + bead.
>Beads bind to antibodie on strip
>Blue beads stick to strip=turns blue.
4)No pregnacy+urin moves up with blue beads but don’t bind to test strip= not blue
5) control cheacks test works if no colour on contol test=faulty.

38
Q

Describethe use Monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment.

A

-cancer cell= antigen on cell mebran not on normal cell= tumour marker=> Monoclonal antibodies cand be made to bind to them.
-Anti-cancer drugs= attached to Monoclonal antibodies+ bind to tumor cells. This could be: a radioactive substance/toxic drug /chemical wich stop cancers growth + division.
-Monoclonal antibodies given via drip.
-target specific cell ( cancer cell)=> only bind to tumor marker= kills cancer not normal body cell near tumour.

39
Q

Describe the uses of Monoclonal antibodies in labs.

A

1)Bind to hormons + other chemical in blood to measure the levels.
2) test blook sample for certain pathogen.
3)locate specifc molecule in cell/tissue:
>1st:Monoclonal antibodies made to bind to specific molecule.
>2nd:Antibodies bound to flurescent dye.
>3rd: If molecule present in sample=>Monoclonal antibodies will attach to them=> dye detected.

40
Q

What are the pros and cons of Monoclonal antibodies?

A

(+)Treatment of cancer- cheom/radio therapy can affect normal cells + killing cancer.Monoclonal antibodies target specific cells=> lower side effects then standard therpays
(-)More side effects than expected……….. fever vomiting low blod preassure=> not as widly use.

Bio (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions