chapter 10

Question 1

the value of emotion to a functional approach

Answer 1

emotions are useful because they help people adapt to their environment

Question 2

basic emotions

Answer 2

are experienced by people everywhere, and each consists of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behaviour

Question 3

example of subject feeling, physiological change, overt behaviour

Answer 3

there’s a thunderstorm and you realize your roommate took your umbrella. subjectively you feel anger, physiologically you’re heart beats faster and behaviourally you might scowl

Question 4

many scientists believe that young babies experience

Answer 4

broad positive and broad negative emotional states

Question 5

by approximately 6 months of age infants

Answer 5

are thought to experience all basic emotions

Question 6

social smiles

Answer 6

smiles that appear when infants see another human face, usually beginning at about 2 months of age

Question 7

what negative emotion appears between 4 and 6 months

Answer 7

anger is one of the first negative emotions to emerge from generalized distress

Question 8

stranger wariness

Answer 8

an infants apparent concern or anxiety in the presence of an unfamiliar adult, typically observed at about 6 months of age

Question 9

infants tend to be less fearful of strangers when

Answer 9

the environment is familiar and more fearful when it is not.

Question 10

as babies learn to interpret

Answer 10

facial expressions and recognize when a person is friendly, their wariness of strangers declines

Question 11

self-conscious emotions

Answer 11

emotions such as pride, guilt, or embarrassment that involve feelings of success when one’s standards or expectations are met and feeling of failure when they aren’t; emerge between 18 to 24 months of age

Question 12

regret and relief

Answer 12

some 5 and 6 year olds experience regret and relief and by the age of 9 most children experience both emotions appropriately

Question 13

in many asian countries outward displays of

Answer 13

emotion are discouraged in favour of emotional restraint

Question 14

american vs asian studies on emotions

Answer 14

american 11 month old cried and smiled more often than Chinese 11 month old
american preschoolers were more likely than chinese to smile at funny pictures and to express disgust after smelling a cotton swab dipped in vinegar

Question 15

cultures differ in the events that trigger emotions

Answer 15

situations that evoke pride in one culture may evoke embarrassment or shame in another

Question 16

when can infants first identify emotions in others

Answer 16

possibly as early as 4 months and definitely by 6 months infants begin to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions

Question 17

infants tend to pay more attention to faces that

Answer 17

are showing negative emotions and pay attention to them longer than emotionless or happy faces

Question 18

social referencing

Answer 18

infants in an unfamiliar environment look at their mother or father, as if searching for cues to help them interpret the situation

Question 19

during the elementary school years, children begin to comprehend

Answer 19

that people sometimes experience “mixed feelings”

Question 20

display rules

Answer 20

culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotion in a particular setting or with a particular person or people

Question 21

children learn about emotions by

Answer 21

hearing parents talk about feelings, explaining how they differ and the situations that evoke them

Question 22

emotional regulation begins in

Answer 22

infancy. by 4 to 6 months of age infants use simple strategies to regulate their emotions

Question 23

temperament

Answer 23

a consistent style or pattern of behaviour across situations

Question 24

seven basic emotions

Answer 24

sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness, and surprise

Question 25

separation anxiety peaks at

Answer 25

13 months of age regardless of whether the children are home or sent to day care

Question 26

schadenfreude

Answer 26

pleasure derived by someone from another person’s misfortune

Question 27

the dimensions in mary k rothbarts theory of temperament

Answer 27

surgency/extraversion
negative affect
effortful control

Question 28

surgency/extraversion

Answer 28

the extent to which a child is mentally happy, active, vocal and regularly seeks interesting stimulation

Question 29

negative affect

Answer 29

the extent to which a child is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy and not easily soothed

Question 30

effortful control

Answer 30

the extent to which a child can focus attention, is not readily distracted and can prevent responses

Question 31

direct link of temperament and personality

Answer 31

the direct link is that temperamental dimensions provide well defined path to personality traits

Question 32

indirect link of temperament and personality

Answer 32

a child’s temperaments helps shape environmental influences and these experiences can determine the course of personality development

Question 33

attachment

Answer 33

the affectionate reciprocal relationship that is formed at about 6 or 6 months between an infant and their primary caregiver, usually the mother

Question 34

according to John Bowlby children who form an

Answer 34

attachment to an adult are more likely to survive
he described there to be four phases in the growth of attachment

Question 35

bowlbys phases in the growth of attachment

Answer 35

preattachment (birth to 6-8 weeks)
attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 8 months)
true attachment (6-8 months to 18 months)
reciprocal relationships (18 months on)

Question 36

preattachment (birth to 6-8weeks)

Answer 36

infants rapidly learn to recognize their mothers by smell and sound plus infants behaviours and the responses they evoke in adults, sets the stage for an attachment relationship

Question 37

attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 8months)

Answer 37

babies begin to behave differently in the presence of familiar caregivers and unfamiliar adults. they gradually identify the caregiver as the person they can depend on when they are anxious or distressed

Question 38

true attachment (6-8months to 18months)

Answer 38

most infants have singled out the attachment figure and is now the infants stable social emotional base that they use to seek reassurance from

Question 39

reciprocal relationships (18months on)

Answer 39

infants growing cognitive and language skills
often take the initiative in interactions and negotiate with parents and cope with separation more effectively bc they can anticipate that caregivers will return

Question 40

secure attachment

Answer 40

a relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers

Question 41

avoidant attachment

Answer 41

a relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation

Question 42

resistant attachment

Answer 42

a relationship in which after a brief separation infants want to be held but are difficult to console

Question 43

disorganized attachment (disoriented)

Answer 43

a relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers

Question 44

internal working model

Answer 44

a set of expectations about caregivers availability and responsiveness generally and in times of stress