Module 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

The study of quantitative traits, which can be anatomical, physiological, behavioral, and disease-related

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2
Q

Frequency Distribution

A

A normal distribution of quantitative traits following a bell-curve model

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3
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Influenced by two or more genes, exhibits a continuum of phenotypic variation

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4
Q

Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL)

A

Location on chromosomes harboring one or more genes affecting the outcome of a quantitative trait, identified by genetic mapping

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5
Q

The more ____ and ____ variability of a quantitative trait, the greater phenotypic variance will be presented

A

genetic and environmental

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6
Q

QTLs are mapped by:

A
  • Taking two highly inbred strains of diploid species
  • Producing heterozygous F1 offspring
  • Then backcrossing the F1 to the parent generation to produce the F2 offspring
  • Identify which genes are associated with a specific phenotype
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7
Q

Heritability

A

The amount of phenotypic variation within a group of individuals due to genetic variation

Can be either broad or narrow sense

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8
Q

Broad Sense Heritability

A

Takes into account different types of genetic variation possibly affecting phenotype

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9
Q

Narrow Sense Heritability

A

Heritability of a trait based on additive (genetic) allelic effects

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10
Q

Genotype-Environment Interaction

A

Certain environmental factors can positively influence some genotypes (ex. plants and mineral content of soil)

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11
Q

Genotype-Environment Association

A

Certain genotypes can be preferentially found in specific environments (ex. studied in genetically identical twins)

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12
Q

Selective Breeding

A

Modification of phenotypes in plant and animal species of economic importance by human intervention (artificial selection)

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13
Q

Selection Limit

A

Selective breeding for certain phenotypes plateaus once an individual becomes monomorphic for all relevant alleles (ex. corn oil content)

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14
Q

Heterosis

A

When two inbred strains are crossed to each other, offspring are more vigorous than either parent (“hybrid vigor”)

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15
Q

Dominance Hypothesis

A

Proposed by Davenport, effects of dominant alleles explain the favorable heterozygote outcome

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16
Q

Overdominance Hypothesis

A

Proposed by Shull and East, resulting hybrids are heterozygous for one or more genes displaying overdominance