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3rd year, First Semester > GSTS: Finals Reviewers > Flashcards

GSTS: Finals Reviewers Flashcards

1
Q

It is the variation among living organisms from different sources including terrestrial, marine and desert ecosystems, and the
ecological complexes of which they are a part.”

A

Biodiversity

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2
Q

What are the three levels of biodiversity?

A

GENETIC DIVERSITY
SPECIES DIVERSITY
ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

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3
Q

It is the Variations among organisms of the same
species

A

GENETIC DIVERSITY

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4
Q

It is the Variety of species within a particular
region

A

SPECIES DIVERSITY

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5
Q

It is the Network of different species in an ecosystem
and their interaction with one another.

A

ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

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6
Q

It refers to top biodiversity-rich countries. The concept is used to
highlight awareness to conservation issues around the world.

A

Megabiodiversity

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7
Q

To qualify as a
megadiverse country, it must have a high level of _____ and _____ , as well as have marine ecosystem along its border.

A

endemism
species diversity

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8
Q

This value represents the following:
Source of Food
Medicine
Energy
Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits
Ecosystem Services

A

Utilitarian

Value

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9
Q

It is teh Inherent right of species to exist

A

Intrinsic Value

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10
Q

Give atleast three benefits of biodiversity

A

REGULATE CLIMATE & FLOOD
REGULATE POLLINATION
REGULATE WATER & AIR QUALITY
REGULATE DECOMPOSITION OF WASTE
FOOD
MEDICINE
ENERGY
AIR & WATER

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11
Q

“All the component of biological diversity associated with food and agriculture, and all components of biological diversity that related to agricultural ecosystems.”

A

Agrobiodiversity

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12
Q

Give examples of Agrobiodiversity

A

Source of food and nutrition
Medicine and health value
Ecosystem services
Genetic resources
Knowledge
Economic value
Socio-economic to support livelihood

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13
Q

This protocol states “Phasing out of ozone-depleting
gases (hydrofluorocarbons)

A

Montreal Protocol

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14
Q

This protocol states Fight global warming by
reducing greenhouse gases

A

Kyoto Protocol

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15
Q

This protocol states “Protecting biological diversity from potential
risks posed by living modified organisms
resulting from modern biotechnology

A

Cartagena Protocol &
Convention on Biological Diversity

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16
Q

This protocol is all about Philippine Laws

A

Philippine Environmental
Jurisprudence

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17
Q

It is the Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere has major effects on the environment such as the seasons, rising of the sea levels, and glacial retreats.

A

CLIMATE CHANGE

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18
Q

It may either be caused by natural events like natural calamities and geological events or anthropogenic activities like deforestation and man-induced climate change.

A

HABITAT LOSS & DEGRADATION

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19
Q

Be it water, air, or land pollution, all forms of pollution appear to be a threat to all life forms on Earth.

A

POLLUTION

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20
Q

An exotic or unnatural species can be any kind of organism that has been introduced to a foreign habitat. This introduction can cause major threats to the native species.

A

INVASIVE SPECIES

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21
Q

it refers to the act of over-harvesting species and natural resources at rates faster than they can actually sustain themselves in the wild.

A

OVEREXPLOITATION

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22
Q

Major threats to Biodiversity

A
  1. CLimate change
  2. Habitat loss and degragation
  3. Pollution
  4. Invasive species
  5. Overexploitation
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23
Q

What Causes Climate Change?

A

Carbon dioxide (CO2),
methane (CH4) and water vapour (H2O)

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24
Q

The higher the proportion
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the more _____ Is absorbed

A

radiation

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25
Q

What Causes Climate Change?

A

Burining fossil fuels
Deforestation
Reduction of biodiversity

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26
Q

Rising sea levels are driven by two main processes

A

Ice melt
Thermal expansion

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27
Q

relates to fairness within a society.

The idea of _____ is that people should have equal access to wealth, health, opportunities and privileges within a society.

A

Social Justice

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28
Q

It means looking at the climate crisis from the perspective of social
justice. Solutions need to not only curb climate change; they need to protect and
empower the most vulnerable groups of people too.

A

Climate Justice

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29
Q

T or F: The impacts of climate change affect disadvantaged groups of people the most.
The effect of climate change on these groups needs to be recognised and
addressed.

A

True

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30
Q

They can make laws and policies that reduce the amount
of greenhouse gas emissions.

A

Governments

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31
Q

They can change their processes to run more sustainably.

A

Businesses

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32
Q

is the process of turning an idea into a solution that solves a
problem.

A

Innovation

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33
Q

___ countries (parties) have signed up to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC).

A

197

34
Q

The UNFCCC aims to prevent human activity from
causing dangerous levels of climate change.

A

Remember

35
Q

Every time the member nations meet in UNFCCC it is called a COP, AKA?

A

Conference of the Parties.

36
Q

They look at the current state of the climate and discuss the actions they will take to address climate change.

A

Conference of the Parties.

37
Q

nations agreed
to act together to restrict global temperature increases to 2°C and begin efforts to
limit warming to 1.5°C.

A

Paris Agreement,

38
Q

It instructed governments to renew their commitment to
lowering their emissions every five years,

A

The Paris Agreement

39
Q

Expresses a very tiny amount or size;A unit which means one billionth or 10−9

A

NANO

40
Q

1 inch=25,400,000 nanometer
A sheet of newspaper= 100,000 nanometers thick

A

Remember

41
Q

Study and use of structures between 1-100
nanometers in size

A

NANOTECHNOLOGY

42
Q

Refers to the design, characterization, production
and application of structures, devices and systems
by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale.

A

NANOTECHNOLOGY

43
Q

Deals with the materials that are very small using
specialized microscopes and nanodevices.

A

NANOSCIENCE

44
Q

The study of phenomena and manipulation of
materials at atomic, molecular and
macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

A

NANOSCIENCE

45
Q

Why is there so much interest/concern about nanotechnology?

A

Huge gaps in knowledge concerning the possible
risks

Enormous potential

Difficulty in detecting and removing

Absence of regulation

46
Q

Add atoms together one
by one to attain correct
property.

A

BOTTOM-UP

47
Q

Cut object smaller and
smaller until attain size
needed.

A

TOP-DOWN

48
Q

Methods of Making Nanoparticles

A

BOTTOM-UP and TOP-DOWN

49
Q

Applications of Nanotechnology

A
  • INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
  • MEDICINE
  • HOMELAND SECURITY
  • FOOD & FOOD SAFETY
  • ENERGY &TRANSPORTATION
  • ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
50
Q

_____ is helping to
considerably improve, even
revolutionize, many technology and industry sectors.

A

Nanotechnology

51
Q

Applications of nanotechnology:

Radioactive waste cleanup (titanate nanofibers and nanotubes)

Oil spill clean up (nanofabric “paper towel” from tiny wires of
potassium manganese oxide)

Ground water cleanup (iron particles)

A

ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATIONS

52
Q

Applications of nanotechnology:

Silver nanoparticles has antimicrobial properties

Drug delivery (nanobots, molecular scale workers)

Gold nanoparticles and nanoflares (detection of cancer cells and
gene targets)

Regenerative medicine (graphene nanoribbons) – repair damage
tissue

A

MEDICAL FIELD

53
Q

Applications of nanotechnology:

Reduction of pollutants (silver nanoclusters to reduce propylene
oxide)

Generation of electricity (silicon nanowires in solar cells)

Heat-resistant & self-cleaning surfaces like floors and benchtops
Silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide for water & stain resistant
surfaces

A

OTHER APPLICATIONS

54
Q

Applications of nanotechnology:

Breeding of crops with higher micronutrients to detect pests & to control food processing

Nanoparticles to control soil, water and air
contamination

A

AGRICULTURE

55
Q

Applications of nanotechnology:

Bionanotechnology helps in cleaner production of
alternative and renewable energy sources

Graphene used as one-layer coating material

A

PHILIPPINES’ DOST NANOTECH LAB

56
Q

Dangers of Nanotechnology: Impacts of Nanotechnology to Health:

A
  • Lung Damage
  • DNA Damage
  • Cell Damage
  • Immunosuppression
  • Nano-bomb
  • Can cross the blood-brain barrier
57
Q

Dangers of Nanotechnology: Impacts of Nanotechnology to
Environment (Nano-contaminants)

A
  • Mining
    *fine metal oxide particles
  • Laundry
  • Ag NPs, metal oxide NPs
  • Combustion
  • Medicine
  • Battery waste
  • Auto-traffic
58
Q

Risk Assessment Problems

A

Very difficult to
detect without
sophisticated
equipment

Difficult to predict
how particles will
behave in the
environment
(dispersed/clumped)

Potential to adsorb
toxic chemicals

Persistence :
Longevity of
particles in the
environment and
body are unknown

59
Q

Ethical Dilemmas of
Nanotechnology

A
  • Playing God?
  • Control over
    personal
  • information?
    Risk and Harm:
  • patients and testing?
    Values: individual
    or community?
60
Q

The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to
make a product such as commercial production of foods, vaccines, antibiotics, and vitamins.

A

BIOTECHNOLOGY

61
Q

AIMS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

A
  • Develop new precision
    tools and diagnostics
  • Speed up breeding
    gains and efficiency
  • Develop pest-resistant
    and disease-resistant
    crops
  • Combat salinity,
    drought, and problems
    of agriculture
  • Enhance the
    nutritional value of
    foods
  • Increase crop varieties
    and choices
  • Reduced inputs and production
    costs, increased profits
62
Q

It is an organism
whose DNA has been modified in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological
traits or the production of desired biological products.

A

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

63
Q

Also known as transgenic organisms.

A

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

64
Q

Achieved through genetic engineering.

A

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

65
Q

Basic structure of all living
organisms.

A

THE CELL

66
Q

Human body is made up of?

A

37.2 trillion cells

67
Q

contains majority of the
genetic material of the cell.

A

NUCLEUS

68
Q

The _____ contains the

nucleus.

A

Cell

69
Q

_____ are located
in the nucleus of the cell.

A

CHROMOSOMES

70
Q

They are made up of proteins
and DNA.

A

CHROMOSOMES

71
Q

is a molecule that carries
the genetic material of the cell.

A

DNA

72
Q

is a sequence of DNA
that codes for protein that will determine the trait of an
organism.

A

GENE

73
Q

What are the steps in basic genetic engineering

A
  1. DNA is cut by restriction enzyme.
  2. Recombinant DNA is produced.
  3. Gene cloning, many copies of the gene of
    interest are made each time the host cell
    reproduce.
  4. Cells undergoes selection and then are
    screened.
74
Q

is the method of inserting gene or nucleic
acid into cells as drug to treat genetic diseases.

A

Gene therapy

75
Q

is the utilization of stem cells to treat or
prevent disease or a condition.

A

Stem cell therapy

76
Q

Transfer of a gene to any cell of the body that does not produce
sperm/eggs

  • The effects of gene therapy will not be passed onto the patient’s
    offspring
A

Somatic Gene Therapy

77
Q

if a required protein is absent or non-
functional or defective, a functional gene is inserted to produce the required protein; cystic fibrosis

A

Gene augmentation therapy-

78
Q

Transfer of a gene to any cell of the body that produce sperm/eggs

  • The effects of gene therapy will be passed onto the patient’s
    offspring
A

Germline Gene Therapy

79
Q

if protein products of s defective gene
encourages the proliferation of disease-related cells, a new gene is inserted to either block the defective gene or its activity; cancer cell

A

Gene inhibition therapy-

80
Q

targets diseased cells by inserting “suicide”
gene that produces toxic protein product killing the diseased cell;
insertion of protein that will mark the cell for attact by immune system
cells;cancer cell

A

Killing of specific cells-

81
Q

What are the basoic steps in gene therapy

A
  1. Identification of the affected gene.
  2. Cloning of the required gene.
  3. Loading the vector with the required
    gene.
  4. Vector injected into the target cell.
  5. Vector delivers the gene into the
    nucleus of the target cell.
  6. Delivered gene performs its function.
82
Q
A

3rd year, First Semester (13 decks)

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