Urogenital Surgery Male Flashcards

1
Q

why do we castrate cows?

A

decreases sexual activity in the feedlot (riding), eliminates unwanted inferior genetics, decreases aggression towards humans and herd mates, improves meat quality (higher grade, less energy to muscle, fatten quicker)

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2
Q

when do we castrate and why?

A

usually at birth OR at branding

this minimizes pain and distress when theyre less than 1 week old, surgery gets more complciated with age, it’s easier to restrain them, it’s safer

the older the animal, the more pain and distress

do NOT do it at weaning or arrival–>too much stress

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3
Q

if a cow is crypt, which testicle do you remove firs

A

the crypt one or dont castrate them

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4
Q

true or false: banding for castration is better done when cows are younger, and surgical castration is better done when cows are a little older

A

true!

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5
Q

what is the difference between an open and a closed castration

A

open–>pareital vaginal tunic is opened and testicular ligament ruptures
closed–>pareital vaginal tunic intact, blunt dissection/stripping fascia to spermatic cord

closed is more common

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6
Q

why is vaccine status important to know before castrating?

A

they can get tetanus hehe

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7
Q

what are some ways to provide anesthesia and alagesia for castration?

A

testicular blocks–>inject into the testicle until you feel resistance. use 3 mls per testicle in calves and 10mls per testicle in older cows

can do an epidural with xylazine or xylazine + lidocaine

NSAIDs–>meloxicam lasts the longest but can also do flunixin or ketoprofen

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8
Q

list non surgical ways to castrate

A

banding, burdizzo, and immunocastration

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9
Q

what is the burdizzo method of castrating?

A

considered the least painful method but it’s not common anymore. essentially you crush the spermatic cord through the scrotal skin. doesn’t disrupt blood supply to the scrotum so the scrotum doesn’t slough.

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10
Q

why is burdizzo technique not common anymore even though it is least painful?

A

high failure rate, requires equipment maintenance, you need different sizes for different ages, there is an age limit (2-4months), and each crush needs to be placed for 10 seconds

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11
Q

pros and cons of banding technique?

A

there’s no pain initially and it’s considered non surgical, BUT: there’re more chronic pain and can cause pain for up to 8 weeks, will cause decreased gain for 3-4 weeks, and causes ischemic necrosis (risk of tetanus).

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12
Q

proper way to place a band?

A

placed just above both testicles and the bands should be less than a year old (old ones break), and they need to be tight enough!

calves: use the tribander/elastrator which is low tension
any age: high tension??? slides are unclear

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13
Q

pros and cons of doing surgical castration?

A

pros: fast healing, post op pain is only 1-2 weeks

cons: high degree of surgical pain, need alalgesia and maybe antibiotics, need to consider the environment (dirty pens)

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14
Q

different ways you can make a scrotal incision?

A

with a scalpel or with a newberry knife

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15
Q

different ways to do “pulling” after making scrotal incision?

A

by hand: best in young calves, strip the cord and apply slow traction

henderson castration tool: expose and strip the cord and can be done in animals up to 1200 lbs, less hemorrhage?

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16
Q

proper way to do emasculation?

A

after youve exposed and stripped the spermatic cords, apply any emasculator and maintain pressure for 30-45 seconds. can put in a ligature. Remove any tissue hanging from the scrotum via traction and avoid sharp dissection.

17
Q

what are some common complications with castration?

A

excessive hemorrhage–>can ligateg, pack,or clamp
swelling->if severe can give antibiotics and NSAIDs and make sure drainage is established
evisceration–>more common in mature bulls
tetanus–>with banding usually

18
Q

true or false: cryptorchidism is common in cattle

A

false! it is uncommon in cattle and most are extrabdominal.

19
Q

how do you fix a cryptorchid cow?

A

thiscard makes no sense I gotta fix it!!!!!can sedate them and ligate the cord with absorbable suture and then close the incision and leave it open to drain. OR you can just keep the cow in tact and send it to market

20
Q

which side tends to be crypt in cows

A

the left

21
Q

explain how immunocastration works, pros and cons

A

it is the use of anti GnRH vaccines.

pros: animal welfare is better, better carcass quality and weight
cons: safety, accidental self injection affects fertility in men and women, you need multiple injections and response is variable, not available in canada

22
Q

what is the lay term for obstructive urolithiasis?clinical signs?

A

water belly–>urine leaking from a ruptured urehtra

C/S: off feed, posture to urinate bowing, vocalization, base wide stance, colic, bruxism, elevation of tail head, pear shaped body contour, could have positive succussion, ventral/scrotal/preputial edema

23
Q

top DDX in males with colic is

A

obstructive urolithiasis

24
Q

list some risk factors for obstructive urolithiasis

A

mineral imbalances: calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, silicate

water: supply and quality, salt?

anatomy, early castration (making urethra smaller?), season (water access)

25
Q

a cow named JERRY comes to you and hes off feed, is standing with a wide stance, and has a pear shaped body contour. You suspect ____ and want to do which diagnostic tests?

A

obstructive urolithiasis

A full PE, examine the penis, rectal palp, ultrasound (look at the bladder and for free fluid), auscultation and succussion, abdominocentesis (peritoneal:serum creatinine ratio of >2:1 is diagnostic or uroperitoneum), CBC chem will show: hemoconcentration, axotemia, hyperkalemia

26
Q

where do stones tend to get stuck

A

sigmoid flexure

27
Q

how are you going to treat JERRY with the urinary stones

A

we gotta remove the stone and allow urine excretion, we gotta treat the hyperkalemia, and address any cellulitis!

calcium gluconate to protect the heart, NSAIDs for pain and inflammation, and 0.9% NaCl if the animals are low on sodium or chloride

28
Q

with a blocked urethra, which components stay in the urine (or possible abdomen) and which stay in extracellular fluid?

A

in the urine: sodium, chloride, water

in the extracellular fluid: urea, creatinine, potassium

29
Q

what is one sequelae to a ruptured urehtra or bladder that you want to address?

A

urethral strictures->reoccurrance of blocks

30
Q

what kind of surgery can you do as a last resort for obstructive urolithiasis

A

perineal urethrostomy , or penectomy

31
Q

how do you prepare the cow for surgery of the penis and urethra AKA DICK SURGERY HEEHEE

A

internal pudendal nerve block: causes penile relaxation and analgesia distal to the signoid flexure, gets the prepuce, but difficult to do

epidural: anesthesia of the perineum but NOT the prepuce, easier to do

can also do local blocks which are easy as well as systemic anesthesia with something like acepromazine

32
Q

the only option when a urethra is rupture is

A

a perineal urethrostomy

33
Q

how do you do a perineal urethrostomy

A

make a midline incision where the perineum starts to go cranial directly over the penis and then use blunt dissection to isolate the penis. expose the penis and retractor muscles, then transect the ischiocavernosus muscles at their insertion on the ischial arch. then from here you have 2 options (covered on a different card)

34
Q

compare penile amputation and spatulation of the urethra

A

penile amputation: least difficult and most common, essentially you’re cutting the penis and then redirecting it backwards, making the cow pee/drain out the back. the distal penis is left unless it’s necrotic.

spatulation of the urethea: harder to do but a better prognosis, essentially opening the ureathra to the world to let it drain, looks like a canoe shape