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VT 251 Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

the cardiovascular system consist of?

A
  1. The Heart
  2. The Blood Vessels
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2
Q

The main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To transport blood to from the body tissues

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3
Q

Normal Cardiac Cycle

A

The atria contracts pushing blood into the ventricles
The ventricles push the blood out to the body tissues

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle contractions is controlled by?

A

Depolarization of cardiac muscle cells causes contraction

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5
Q

What are the heart valves?

A
  1. Tricuspid Valve (Right AV Valve)
  2. Mitral Valve (Left AV Valve)
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6
Q

Vasodilators are used to?

A

Prevent vasoconstriction from occurring

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7
Q

Vasoconstriction is the body’s response to?

A

Low blood pressure due to a failing heart

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8
Q

Why are vasodilators prescribed to patients with congested heart failure?

A

Renin release system by the kidney is why vasodilators are prescribed to animals w/ congested heart failure to prevent further water retention & increase blood volume. This in return makes the heart stronger but does not reverse the heart failure that has already happened.

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9
Q

What is the most common reason for congestive heart failure in dogs?

A

Abnormal heart valve. Most commonly an abnormal mitral valve

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10
Q

All vasodilators cause hypotension or hypertension?

A

Hypotension

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11
Q

Common vasodilator drugs used in vet med?

A
  1. Amlodipine
  2. Hydralazine
  3. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  4. Prazosin
  5. Nitroglycerin
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12
Q

Amlodipine clinical use?

A
  • Used to control high blood pressure in dogs & cats even when no heart issue is associated
  • Vasodilators
  • Use to prevent vasoconstriction in dogs/cats with congestive heart failure
  • Calcium channel blocker that causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle
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13
Q

Amlodipine is commonly used in what species?

A

Dogs

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14
Q

Hydralazine is commonly used?

A

In clinic as an ER drug for congestive heart failure
- Animal in crisis that cannot breathe due to fluid in the lungs

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15
Q

Hydralazine works by?

A

Causing direct relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by interfering with calcium movement

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16
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors clinical use?

A

Prescribed for long term management of heart failure
*Works by blocking the formation of the Angiotensin II which is responsible for vasoconstriction & sodium retention

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17
Q

Prazosin works by?

A

Blocking vasoconstrictions by blocking the sympathetic nervous system

18
Q

Prazosin is commonly prescribed?

A
  • In urethral obstruction as it relaxes the urinary sphincter allowing for easier urination after the animals has been unblocked.
  • Not common to prescribe in animals w/ high blood pressure &/or congestive heart failure
19
Q

Nitroglycerin clinical use?

A

Common to use on an amergency basis when a patient with congestive heart failure is in crisis
Prescribed for long term management of congestive heart failure

20
Q

Nitroglycerin formulation?

A

Topical - Apply to hairless area & use gloves

21
Q

Nitroglycerin side effects

A

Hypertension
*Blood pressure monitoring is recommended

22
Q

Diuretics are used to?

A

To remove water from the body when the fluid accumulates in unwanted space

23
Q

Diuretics cause increase?

A

Urine formation to promote water loss from the body which decreases the volume of blood the heart has to pump

24
Q

Fluid accusation in the abdomen is a sign of?

A

right sided heart failure

25
Q

Fluid accusation in the lungs is a sign of?

A

Left sided heart failure

26
Q

Common diuretics used in vet med?

A
  1. Furosemide
  2. Spironolactone
  3. Thiazide Diuretics
  4. Mannitol
27
Q

Furosemide prevents?

A

Reabsorption of sodium from the renal tubules

28
Q

Furosemide side effects?

A

Prolonged use can lead to abnormally low potassium levels
*blood chem panels are recommended to monitor

29
Q

Spironolactone is considered a?

A

Aldosterone Antagonist

30
Q

Spironolactone clinical use?

A

Congestive heart failure especially if hypokalemia is a concern
*It eliminates the sodium & conserves the potassium

31
Q

Thiazide Diuretics clinical use?

A
  • More commonly prescribed in humans
  • Prevents reabsorption of sodium from the renal tubule
32
Q

Thiazide Diuretic side effects?

A
  • Prolonged use can lead to abnormally low potassium levels
  • Less potent than Furosemide
  • Loses effectiveness with long term use
33
Q

Mannitol is used to?

A

Treat central nervous system edema from head trauma - swelling in the brain

34
Q

Mannitol works by?

A

Creating an osmotic force that keeps water in the renal tubule & prevents water accumulation in the brain especially when inflammation is present after a trauma

35
Q

Mannitol must be given?

A

IV

36
Q

Mannitol should not be given to patients w/

A

Congestive Heart Failure

37
Q

Aspirin is used to?

A
  • Prevent platelet aggregation to prevent clot formation
  • Reduced change of clot formation
  • Mot commonly prescribed anymore
38
Q

When is aspirin prescribed?

A

Saddle Thrombis in Cats

39
Q

Bronchdilators are?

A

Aminophulline & Theophylline
*Improve contractility by increasing oxygen delivering to the heart muscles

40
Q

Sedatives & Tranquilzers are used

A

To decrease sympathetic nervous system stimulation by calming the animal down

VT 251 Pharmacology (15 decks)

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