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USA HISTORY Topic 1 > biological molecules > Flashcards

biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between condensation reactions and a hydrolysis

A

-condensation the formation of a bond (glycoidic) with the production of a water molcule
- hydrolisis the breaking f a bond by the addition of water molecules

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2
Q

what are carbohydrates made of

A

-hydrogen and oxygen
2 x as many H as N

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3
Q

what are 3 examples of monoscaarides (single suga molecules)

A

-fructose
-glucose
-galactose
-riibose

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4
Q

what is a disaccaride and give 2 examples

A

2 mono saccrides bonded together (glycocidic bond)
- sucrose ,maltose, lactose

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5
Q

what are sucrose made of

A

a-glucose+fructose

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6
Q

what are lactose made of

A

a-glucose+ galactose

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7
Q

what is cellulose made of

A

chain of beta glucose

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8
Q

what is a polyssacride and what are some examples

A

a chain of many saccrides
starch and cellulose

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9
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

A phosphate group activates an enzyme

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10
Q

Which term describes molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together?

A

polymers

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11
Q

name 4 types of monomers

A

monosaccarides
nucleotide
amino acids
fatty acids

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12
Q

what is a macromolecule

A

a large complecated moluculce

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13
Q

what are covalent bonds

A
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14
Q

what are hydrogen bonds

A

between slightly positive and negative ions

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15
Q

what are ionic bonds

A

transfer of electrons between metals and non metals forms ions which are attracted each

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16
Q

why are endopeptidaes and exopeptidaes

A

endopeptidase hydrolise bonds in the middle wherease exopeptidase hydrolise

17
Q

diffrence between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A
  • beta glucose has the oh group on the top
18
Q

what bond forms between 2 mono saccrides in a condestion reaction

A

glycosidic

19
Q

what is maltose made of

A

2 monomers of alpha glucose

20
Q

what are the 2 forms of startch

A

-amylose- singular long coiled chain- quickly be released via hydrolosis
-amylopectin- branched chains cannot coill- more than one glucose molecule can be released at once

21
Q

is starch souable

A

no dosnt affect osmosis and cannot diffuse out of cells

22
Q

found in animal and bacterial cells

A
23
Q

what is glycogen

A

-branched alpha glucose chain
- found in bacteria, animal, muscle and liver cells

24
Q

what type of glycosidic bond is formed between 2 monosaccride

A

covalent bonds

25
Q

what are triglycerides made off

A

3 fatty acids bonded with 3 glycerol
- bonded by ester bond

26
Q

what type of reaction and what is lost in the formation of triglycerides

A

condensation reaction so 3 water molecules are lost

27
Q

what is a saturated fatty acid

A

no double bonds between carbon

28
Q

what is un saturated fatty acid

A

on e carbon double bond

29
Q

what is polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

numerous double bonds

30
Q

what is diffrent in all amino acids

A

r group

31
Q

what element do amine group containe

A

nitrogen

32
Q

what is the structure of an amino acid

A

amine group-
carboxylic group
center alpha carbon and hydrogen
r side group

33
Q

what is the primary structure of a proetin

A

an amino acid chain joined together by peptide bonds via a condensation reaction

34
Q

what is the secondary structure

A

the formation of hydrogen bonds between the C=O and the N-H of 2 in diffrent parts of the same chain
- this forms an alpha helix or a btea pleated sheet

35
Q

what is the tertiary structure of a protein

A

further folding of the secondary structure involving
- disulphide bridges
-ionic bridges
-hydrogen bonding

36
Q

how do disulphide bridges build

A

between amino acids with splphur in there r group

37
Q

what is a competitive inhibatoir

A
  • an inhibitor with the silmare shape as the substrate
  • competes to bind to the active sight
    -blocks active sight so substrate is ineffective
38
Q

how can we measure enzyme catalysed reactions

A
  • amount of oxygen produced
    -amount of substrate gone
39
Q
A

USA HISTORY Topic 1 (20 decks)

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