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ancient civilizations > Greece > Flashcards

Greece Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of columns?

A

Doric, ionic, Corinthian

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2
Q

Democracy?

A

Demos - the people
Kratos - Rule
Invented democracy

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3
Q

Significance of Athens?

A

Home of Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato
Helped developed democracy
Known for pottery, arts, etc…

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4
Q

Ostracism

A

A vote of 6000 ppl on who the least favourite was
Written on broken pottery
Gets rid of least fav/tyrants

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5
Q

Polis

A

Small city state in Ancient Greece
Abt the population of uxbridge

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6
Q

Applolikai

A

Greek work for colonies

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7
Q

What happened in the Trojan war

A

Prophecy with Thetis (sold her to Pelus, king of Phthia)
Whole thing with Eris
Paris made choice (Aphrodite bc she promised him Helen)
He stole that hoe
Started the war
Achilles brought Greece to victory, until Paris shot him in the heel
Greeks left wooden horse full of soldiers at the gates of troy
The Greeks won

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8
Q

The Black Sea

A

Impacted the Roman’s ( used the Greek culture to cement themselves as a nation)
Increased trade
Development of metal currency
Iron use
Beginning of Phoenician alphabet
Catalyst to launching Greece as a world power

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9
Q

Greece geography

A

places for boats to harbour
small place
mountains
no large farms + isolated greeks
isolated valleys
many small islands

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10
Q

Labyrinth

A

based on fact that the Palace of Knossos had over 800 rooms
palace looked like a maze

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11
Q

Triremes

A

ships with three banks of oars
only one oarsman per oar (less ppl.)
greek vessels didn’t have a raised deck (shorter)
parablemata: to defend rowers from archers

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12
Q

Periplus (extension of fighting line)

A

extension of the fighting line to outflank an enemy and ram the vulnerable sides
used when enemy fleet is following
superior # of ships

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13
Q

Diekplous (head to head)

A

more complex (skilled rowing and excellent timing)
breaks enemy fleet’s line
snaps off oars
used to infiltrate enemy’s line (head-to-head)
inferior # of ships

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14
Q

Phalanx

A

Wall of shields

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15
Q

Hoplites

A

A heavily armed foot soldier

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16
Q

Persians

A

bbronze greaves shaped to imitate the muscles of the leg (decor and strength)
long spear (6ft 6in - 10ft (2-3m))

attle
wicker shields
bows weren’t powerful enough to penetrate hoplite armour/shield
short spears
no helmet/greaves
not well trained
different warriors
communication challenges
different training practices
inner conflict between persian grps.

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17
Q

Slaves

A

agriculture, domestic service, and craftsmanship, essential to the economy
high numbers raised concerns about social unrest, economic inequality, ethical issues, and potential political instability.

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18
Q

Medicine

A

Greek equivalent to hospitals were located at sanctuaries to Asclepius (healing god)
tended to be near source of clean water
doctors used healthy diets, exercise and surgery
medical instruments created here
one to remove arrows
Hippocrates created oath to “Do no harm”
he studied how parts of the body work in relation to the whole

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19
Q

science/Tech

A

Pythagoras and Euclid geometry algebra and trigonometry
the screw to draw water upwards

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20
Q

Minotaur

A

child of Pasiphae and sacred bull
housed in the labyrinth
defeated by Theseus

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21
Q

Daedalus

A

inventor of the Labyrinth
built wooden bull for pasiphae (minotaur creation)
icarus and his wings

22
Q

Minoans ( mi )

A

name based on minotaur and king minos
centred on island of Crete
good navigators
palace of knossos

23
Q

Mycenaeans ( B )

A

used linear B to record trades, laws, religious practices
1400, well defined city states, ruled by kings
main land greece

24
Q

Minoan culture

A

Similar yet smaller palatial centres
Adoption of common Minoan symbols

25
Q

Agamemnon

A

king of Mycenae
mask found at Mycenae in 1876
Was helen’s husband until Paris homewrecked them
Schliemann may have not discovered his tomb. pottery near mask was 200 years too early

26
Q

Socrates (470 BCE - 370 BCE)

A

Known for exposing the ignorance of the higher ups through interrogating them
Was always teaching
Higher Ups grew mad at him and ordered him executed
died publicly by drinking hemlock
was still teaching as he died
said (it more sophisticated words) “to fear death is unwise as I do not know what happens”

27
Q

Socrate’s trial

A

Meletus accused him of corrupting the youth and introducing them to other gods

28
Q

Menelaus

A

king of sparta
brother of agamemnon

29
Q

Helen

A

was the wife of menelaus
left for Paris
most beautiful

30
Q

priam

A

king of troy

31
Q

Draco

A

wrote legal code

32
Q

Odysseus

A

king of ithaca
sailed the seas

33
Q

Ionians:

A

East greeks

34
Q

Dorians:

A

Any member of a major division of the ancient Greek people
Distinguished by a well-marked dialect and by their subdivision
Came in from the North

35
Q

Solon

A

canceled debts
restructured social classes
created the Council of Four Hundred

36
Q

Cleisthenes

A

introduced new tribes
established the Council of Five Hundred
implemented ostracism
expanded citizen participation
shaped foundations of Athenian democracy.

37
Q

The Dark Ages (1100 BCE - 800 BCE)

A

palaces that dominated Mycenaean fell into decay
civilization on greek mainland fell with them
writing was lost/no writing takes place for 350 yrs

38
Q

Emergence

A

communication between villages was reestablished
communities governed by elite groups of aristocrats (opposed to a single king)
tyrannies
moved out of bronze age into iron age
writing reemerged
panhellenic games at olympia in 776

39
Q

Bronze Age

A

copper and tin
much better tools/weapons
advanced agricultural techniques
main foods (olives, figs, barley, goats, sheep)
trade and wealth led to occupational specialization
2300-2100 BCE: development stopped
sanctuaries built on hills
temples, altars, architecture for Gods
bigger building, palaces, jewelry (wealth)
style of writing called Linear A
reinforced masonry with wood supports, elevator shafts to allow light and access to lower levels, plumbing

40
Q

Battle of Salamis

A

480 BCE, Greco-Persian Wars
occurred in the narrow straits between Salamis and the Greek mainland
Led by Athens and Sparta
they formed an alliance (led by Themistocles) to resist persian invasion (Xerces army)
Themistocles, the Greek general, devised the strategy.
They lured the Persians into confined waters neutralizing numerical disadvantage.
The greeks won (Athens and Sparta)

41
Q

Battle of Marathon

A

490 BCE (42 km from Athens)
greeks won
weaker center, strong flanks
overwhelmed the persians from behind
Greek
kept Persian army pinned down at Marathon
blocked both exits from the plain
preventing themselves from being outmaneuvered
Persian
wanted to capture the city states first
captured other nations and conscripted into the army

42
Q

Thermopylae

A

480 BCE
persians won
persian army led by Xerxes I defeated greek forces led by spartan king Leonidas
Greek
tightly packed formation fight together
Immortals were the only heavily armoured persian infantry
fought up close
spartan hoplites were best
well equipped and trained
Persian
used cavalry to try to outflank enemy and attack from the side/rear
greek rarely used cavalry (hoplites)
persian infantry didn’t fight up close (lightly armoured)

43
Q

Persian wars

A

covered two mil2 miles
546 BCE - 499 BCE
persians go to war against ionians
546 BCE siege of sardis. The defeat of king Croesus of Lydia by Persian ruler Cyrus II at Sardis was a major step forward in the rise of the Persian Empire
Takes control over Ionia
499 BCE - Several Ionian Greek poleis rose against the Persians and successfully secured Athenian aid
Persian King was taxing the city states
Ionians didn’t want to. Revolt - Miletus leads it

44
Q

The Peloponnesian War

A

-Sparta had asked for help from Athens over a Helot (slave) revolt 452 BCE
-Athens sends troops and are turned away-terrible insult
-starts over disagreement over Athenian interference with Corinth which was a member of the Peloponnesian League (headed by Sparta)
-lasts 27 years and draws in most Greek city states
-plague strikes and wipes out Pericles and many Athenians
-Sparta wins in 405 BCE and forces Athens to accept Spartan leadership in all matters of peace and war
-30 men placed in Athens to rule as tyrants
-403 BCE Athens restored to democracy

45
Q

Lycurgus

A

-Athens and Sparta were 2 most powerful of 300 city states
-Spartans were warriors and most of political and military systems were attributed to Lycurgus in the 7th c BCE
-slaves were called helots
-all men who were equals or “homoioi” could vote in Assembly and received a share of land and slaves
-2 Kings, a Council of Elders (28 men over the age of 60) advised King
-present legislation to assembly for approval
-5 men called Ephors elected by assembly preside over council and assembly

46
Q

Alexander the great

A

tutored by aristotle
takes over at 20 after dad, Philip, dies
334, sets out after persians (never returns)
army begins relatively small 35,000
lead by seasoned commanders and soldiers were all devoted to Alexander
Persian army lead by Darius who was a despot who ruled by force and many of his soldiers were made up of conquered people who felt no loyalty to him

47
Q

Battle of Granicus 334 BCE

A

western Asia Minor
charged across the river and shattered Persians
Alexander was nearly killed
allowed him to go along the coast and free Greek city states under Persian yoke

48
Q

Battle of Issus 333 BCE

A

1st time Darius and Alex meet in battle
Darius was threatening his lengthening supply and communication line
30 000 for each side
Greek cavalry crushed Darius’s left flank and he flees
Alex has dinner in D’s tent that night
Alex captures royal family
Alex stops pursuit of D and turns instead to destroy D’s navy
Alex conquers Phoenicia and the fleet melts away
takes treasury of Damascus

49
Q

Battle of Tyre 333 BCE

A

7 month siege
before it surrenders D offers 10,000 talents of gold if Alex goes home and gives back royal family
also offers his daughter’s hand in marriage
Alex says no and marches on Egypt where he is crowned Pharaoh and founds Alexandria

50
Q

Battle of Gaugamela (Oct 1, 331 BCE)

A

47,000 men versus even larger Persian force
D flees
D murdered by one of his own servants in Bactria
whole east is open to Alex
finished off Persians and continues east as far as Indus River

51
Q

Battle of Hydaspes 326 BCE

A

Greek army of 30,000 crosses the Hindu Kush
goes against Indian King Porus
Indian army had home field advantage, more troops and 200 war elephants
vicious battle
Alex couldn’t use horses as they were terrified of the elephants
Alex barely wins after horrific casualties on both sides
wanted to go as far as Indian Ocean but faced with revolt he settles in to govern
his troops had travelled for 8 years and 17,000 miles
he retires to Babylon
makes Greek language and culture a unifying force but respects and incorporates languages and cultures of vanquished peoples
used local leaders as advisors

52
Q

Death + Legacy

A

died of malaria at 32 years old
never lost a battle
death of Alexander separates the Classical Age (480-323 BCE) from the Hellenistic Age (323-31 BCE)
Greek culture spreads through all countries he captured
Greek merchants, teachers and tradesmen travelled widely to newly conquered territory
Alex founded 70 new cities with typical Greek buildings (theatres, stadia, temples and libraries)
his 3 generals split his world in 3 pieces with each governing one section

Seleucus takes Asian part
Ptolemy takes Egypt
Antigonus takes Greece and Macedon

ancient civilizations (5 decks)

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