Development

Question 1

conception

Answer 1

sperm+egg=fertilized cell

Question 2

monozygotic vs dizygotic twins

Answer 2

identical (one egg split, 100% shared genes) vs fraternal (two eggs, 50% shared genes)

Question 3

physical stages of development (in womb)

Answer 3

zygote (fertilized egg), embryo (attached to uterus wall), fetus (facial features +limbs)

Question 4

teratogens

Answer 4

substances such as chemicals
and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Question 5

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 5

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. Sometimes causes facial deformities.

Question 6

habituation

Answer 6

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As
infants gain familiarity with repeated
exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Question 7

Novelty Preference Procedure

Answer 7

Novelty of an object is measured by how long infants gaze at it- preferring sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness (mother’s voice+smell = food nearby)

Question 8

object permanence

Answer 8

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Question 9

egocentrism

Answer 9

children struggle to perceive things from a different view- what I know is what you know

Question 10

conservation

Answer 10

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Question 11

theory of mind

Answer 11

people’s ideas about their own and others’ feelings, perceptions, and
thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. ability to see from someone else’s perspective

Question 12

criticisms of piaget

Answer 12

development is more continuous, children pass through these stages earlier, and formal logic is a smaller part of cognition than Piaget thought

Question 13

reflexes in babies

Answer 13

a simple, automatic response to
a sensory stimulus. helps baby get food and stay safe

Question 14

rooting reflex

Answer 14

infant automatically turns its head and opens its moth in the direction of a touch on the cheek

Question 15

sucking reflex

Answer 15

sucking vigorously in response to oral stimulation

Question 16

grasping reflex

Answer 16

infant curls its fingers around objects

Question 17

stepping reflex

Answer 17

causes newborns to start a stepping motion as they touch a surface

Question 18

Babinski reflex

Answer 18

fanning and curling toes when foot is tickled/stroked

Question 19

Moro reflex

Answer 19

physical reaction to being startled in response to a change in position of the head (throwing head back, extending arms and legs, crying, and then pulling arms and legs back in)

Question 20

maturation

Answer 20

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. (roll over, sit up, crawl, walk- timing varies, order does not)

Question 21

schema

Answer 21

a concept or framework that
organizes and interprets information

Question 22

assimilating vs accommodating

Answer 22

new experience is sorted into existing schema vs schema is changed to fit new experience

Question 23

metacognition

Answer 23

evaluating your own thinking (part of formal operation stage)

Question 24

piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 24

sensorimotor: object permanence + stranger anxiety
preoperational: egocentrism + pretend play
concrete operational: start of stage marked by development of theory of mind, mathematical transformations+conservation
formal operational: abstract logic +mathematical reasoning

Question 25

attachment

Answer 25

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Question 26

Harlow’s monkey experiment

Answer 26

Monkeys preferred cloth “mother” even when wire “mother” had bottle- showed child preference for contact comfort

Question 27

imprinting

Answer 27

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a
critical period very early in life

Question 28

critical period

Answer 28

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Question 29

Lorenz’s ducks

Answer 29

Ducklings imprint on the first figure they see when they are born, hard to undo. Human children do not imprint, but become attached to familiar things.

Question 30

authoritarian vs permissive vs authoritative vs neglectful parenting

Answer 30

authoritarian (“because I said so”): low acceptance, high control- children are hardworking but low self esteem
authoritative (flexible discussion): high acceptance, high control- kids have high self esteem, highest self reliance, highest social competence
permissive: high acceptance, low control- children are confident in younger years, but later struggle with authority and don’t know how to act in public
neglectful: low acceptance, low control: children lack attention and struggle with self esteem

Question 31

fluid vs crystallized intelligence

Answer 31

fluid: ability to reason speedily and abstractly+learn new things, tends to decrease during late adulthood
crystallized: accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, tends to stay the same or increase with age

Question 32

Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning

Answer 32

Pre-conventional: focuses on self-interest (avoiding punishment or gaining concrete rewards)
Conventional: focuses on caring for others and upholding laws/social rules simply because they are the laws and rules
Post-conventional: abstract reasoning used to determine how actions are “right” because they flow from people’s rights or from self-defined, basic ethic principles

Question 33

Ainsworth+ Strange Situation study

Answer 33

testing attachment in infants. observed the infants in a strange situation without their mothers. infants with secure attachment = sensitive, responsive mothers.

Question 34

secure attachment

Answer 34

child feels safe, supported, connected. explores environment with parent present, distressed when they leave, goes back to playing when they return

Question 35

insecure attachment

Answer 35

child feels ignored or unsupported. clings to parent and refuses to explore environment, cries when parent leaves, and is inconsolable even when they return)

Question 36

avoidant vs anxious resistant vs anxious avoidant attachment

Answer 36

both insecure attachments
avoidant: child avoids mother and acts coldly to her
anxious resistant: child remains close to mother, and remains distressed despite comfort
anxious avoidant: cry but push mom away- in adulthood very self sabotaging, wants to leave before getting left

Question 37

Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development

Answer 37

trust vs mistrust: will i be reliably cared for?
autonomy vs shame/doubt: can i do things on my own?
initiative vs guilt: can i make my own decisions?
industry vs inferiority: what am i good at/ what makes me special?
identity vs role confusion: who am i?
intimacy vs isolation: who will i love and spend the rest of my time with?
generativity vs stagnation: will i do meaningful work?
integrity vs despair: did i live my life well and choose wisely?

Question 38

primary vs secondary sex characteristics

Answer 38

primary: body parts for reproduction specific to sex
secondary: non-reproductive characteristics (body hair, deep voice in males, etc)

Question 39

menarche vs menopause

Answer 39

first vs last/end of menstrual period

Question 40

social clock

Answer 40

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Question 41

Vygotsky

Answer 41

emphasized development in social aspects of children. believed that by mentoring children and giving
them new words, parents and others provide a temporary scaffold from which children can step to higher levels of thinking (language -> thinking)

Question 42

zone of proximal development

Answer 42

an area between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers- moderate tasks one cannot do by themselves but can accomplish with support

Question 43

scaffolding

Answer 43

any assistance from others that allows one to expand their ZPD (modeling, small steps, fill in the blanks, etc). one help is provided, you can do it again yourself.