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GCSE Biology > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

Cells are the basic building blocks that make up all living organisms

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2
Q

What is the process by which cells become specialised for a particular job called?

A

Differentiation

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3
Q

What do specialised cells form?

A

They form tissues which form organs, which form organ systems.

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4
Q

Define a tissue

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function.

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5
Q

Are tissues only one type of cell?

A

Some can be but they also can include more than one type of cell.

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6
Q

Define an organ

A

An organ is a group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function.

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7
Q

Define an organ system

A

An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform a particular function.

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8
Q

What is the function of muscles?

A

To contract

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9
Q

Give an example of how muscular tissue works in the stomach

A

Muscular tissue in the stomach wall contracts to churn up the food

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10
Q

What is the function of glands(organ)?

A

To make and secrete chemicals like enzymes and hormones

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11
Q

Give an example of how glandular tissue works in the stomach

A

Glandular tissue makes digestive juices like the enzyme protease to digest food

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12
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Epithelial tissue covers some parts of the body like in the gut (stomach)

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13
Q

What is the function of the stomach and small intestine?

A

To digest food

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14
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

To produce bile

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15
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces.

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16
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are catalysts produced by living things

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17
Q

How can you make a reaction happen more quickly?

A

By raising the temperature

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18
Q

What do enzymes act as?

A

Biological catalysts

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19
Q

Define a catalyst

A

A catalyst is a substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up.

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20
Q

What are enzymes made up of?

A

Since they are all large proteins, they are made up of chains of amino acids

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21
Q

What does every enzyme have?

A

An active site with a unique shape that fits onto the substance

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22
Q

Are Enzymes specific?

A

Yes, they usually only catalyse one specific reaction

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23
Q

Why are enzymes specific?

A

The substrate must fit into its active site.

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24
Q

What is the lock and key model of enzyme action?

A

Substrate has a specific shape that is complimentary to the shape of the enzymes active site so fits perfectly for the substrate to be catalysed.

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25
Q

What is the induced fit model?

A

The active site changes shape a little as the substrate binds to it to get a tighter fit

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26
Q

How does changing the temperature of a enzyme catalyse reaction?

A

A higher temperature increases the rate at first but if it gets to hot, some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break. This changes the shape of the enzyme’s active site, so the substrate won’t fit any more. The enzyme is said to be denatured.

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27
Q

What does changing the temperature of a enzyme catalysed reaction do?

A

Changing the temperature changes the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction.

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28
Q

How does pH affect enzymes?

A

If the ph gets too high or too low, the ph interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together. This changes the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme.

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29
Q

What is the optimum ph for all enzymes?

A

It’s often neutral ph 7

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30
Q

How do you calculate the rate of a reaction?

A

Rate=1000
——-
time

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31
Q

What is rate?

A

Rate is a measure of how much something changes over time.

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32
Q

What is the role of digestive enzymes?

A

to break down big molecules

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33
Q

What are examples of big molecules?

A

starch, protein and fats.

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34
Q

What are carbohydrates converted to?

A

Carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into simple sugars.

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35
Q

Where are amylase made?

A

1)The salivary glands
2)The pancreas
3) The small intestine

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36
Q

What is starch converted to?

A

Starch is converted to moltose by the enzyme amylase.

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37
Q

What are proteins converted to?

A

Protein are converted into amino acids by the enzyme protease.

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38
Q

Where are proteases made?

A

1)The stomach
2)The pancreas
3)The small intestine

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39
Q

What are lipids converted into?

A

Lipids are converted into glycerol and fatty acids by the enzyme lipase.

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40
Q

What is the role of bile in the stomach?

A

Bile neutralises the stomach acid and emulsifies fats.

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41
Q

Where is bile produced, stored and released?

A

Bile is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder and released in the small intestine.

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42
Q

What does emulsifies fats mean?

A

In other words it breaks the fat into tiny droplets, this gives a much bigger surface area of fat for the enzyme lipase to work on.

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43
Q

What is the role of salivary glands in digestion?

A

produce amylase enzyme in the saliva.

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44
Q

What is the role of the stomach in digestion?

A

It pummels the food with its muscular walls

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45
Q

What is produced in the stomach?

A

the protease enzyme, pepsin.

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46
Q

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid.

A

to kill bacteria and to give the right ph for the protease enzyme to work.

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47
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

Where bile is produced.

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48
Q

What is the role of the gall bladder in the digestive system?

A

Where bile is stored before it is released into the small intestine.

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49
Q

What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzyme. It releases these into the small intestine.

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50
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

where the digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood.

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51
Q

What enzymes are produced in the small intestine?

A

Produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion.

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52
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Where excess water is absorbed from the food.

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53
Q

What is the role of the rectum in the digestive system?

A

Where faces are stored before they bid you a fond farewell through the anus.

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54
Q

What is the method used to prepare a food sample.

A

1)Get a piece of food and break it up using a pestle and mortar.
2)Transfer the ground up food to a beaker and add some distilled water.
3)Give the mixture a good stir with a glass rod to dissolve some of the food.
4)Filter the solution using a funnel lined with filter paper to get rid of the solid bits of food.

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55
Q

What is being tested for in the Benedict’s test?

A

reducing sugars

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56
Q

What is being tested for in the Iodine solution test?

A

Starch

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57
Q

What is being tested for in the Biuret test?

A

Proteins

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58
Q

What is being tested for in the Sudan III test?

A

Lipids

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59
Q

What is the thorax?

A

top part of your body

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60
Q

What separates the thorax from the lower part of your body?

A

the diaphragm

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61
Q

What protects the lungs?

A

the ribcage.

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62
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by?

A

Pleural membrane.

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63
Q

Where does the air you breath in go?

A

through the trachea

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64
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

smaller tubes that bronchi split into

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65
Q

What is the job of alveoli?

A

To carry out gas exchange.

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66
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

A network of blood capillaries.

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67
Q

Where has the blood passing the alveoli come from?

A

It has returned to the lungs from of the rest of the body.

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68
Q

What does the blood passing the alveoli contain?

A

lots of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen.

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69
Q

What does oxygen diffuse out of?

A

alveolus (high concentration) into blood (low concentration).

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70
Q

What does carbon dioxide diffuse out of?

A

out of the blood (high concentration) into alveolus (low concentration) to be breathed out.

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71
Q

What happens when blood reaches body cells?

A

oxygen is released from the red blood cells (high concentration) and diffuses into the body cells (low concentration).

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72
Q

What happens when body cells reaches blood?

A

carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells (high concentration) into the blood (low concentration).

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73
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

The heart, blood vessels and blood.

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74
Q

What is the double circulatory system?

A

two circuits joined together

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75
Q

What happens in the first circuit of the double circulatory system?

A

the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen.

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76
Q

What happens in the second circuit of the double circulatory system?

A

the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body.

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77
Q

When does deoxygenated blood return to the heart?

A

When the blood gives its oxygen at the body cells.

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78
Q

What is the heart?

A

The heart is a pumping organ that keeps the blood flowing around the body.

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79
Q

What are the walls of the heart made of?

A

muscle tissue

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80
Q

What is the role of the valves?

A

To make sure the blood flows in the right direction

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81
Q

How does the body get its own supply of oxygenated blood?

A

Arteries called coronary arteries branch off the aorta and surround the heart.

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82
Q

How is your resting heart rate controlled?

A

By a group of cells in the right atrium wall that act as a pacemaker.

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83
Q

How do a group of cells in the right atrium act as a pacemaker.

A

These cells produce a small electrical impulse which spreads to the surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract.

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84
Q

Why is an artificial pacemaker used?

A

to control heartbeat if the natural pacemaker cells don’t work properly.

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85
Q

What are the different types of vessels?

A

Arteries, Capillaries and veins.

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86
Q

What is the job of arteries?

A

Arteries carry the blood away from the heart.

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87
Q

What is the job of capillaries?

A

Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues.

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88
Q

What is the job of veins?

A

Veins carry the blood to the heart.

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89
Q

Why does the heart pump the blood out at a high temperature?

A

so the artery walls are strong and elastic.

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90
Q

What do artery walls contain?

A

Thick layers of muscle to make them strong, and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back.

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91
Q

What do arteries branch into?

A

Capillaries.

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92
Q

Why do capillaries carry the blood really close to every cell?

A

to exchange substances.

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93
Q

Why do capillaries have permeable walls?

A

so substances can diffuse in and out

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94
Q

Why are capillaries walls usually only one cell thick?

A

To increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.

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95
Q

What do capillaries form?

A

Veins

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96
Q

Why do walls in the veins not need to be as thick as the ones in the arteries?

A

The blood is at a lower pressure in the veins.

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97
Q

Why do veins have a bigger lumen than arteries?

A

To help the blood flow despite the low pressure.

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98
Q

What is the job of red blood cells?

A

To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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99
Q

Why do red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape?

A

to give them a large surface area for absorbing oxygen.

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100
Q

Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

to allow them to have more room to carry oxygen

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101
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin is a red pigment found in red blood cells.

102
Q

What happens to haemoglobin in the lungs?

A

Haemoglobin binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin.

103
Q

What happens to oxyhaemoglobin in the tissue?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen, to release oxygen to the cells.

104
Q

What is the job of white blood cells?

A

to defend against infection.

105
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When some white blood cells change shape to gobble up unwelcome microorganisms.

106
Q

What do white blood cells that don’t do phagocytosis produce?

A

They produce antibodies to fight microorganisms, as well as antitoxines to neutralise any toxins produced by microorganisms

107
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells that have no nucleus

108
Q

What do platelets help?

A

-Help the blood to clot at a wound.
-Stop all your blood pouring out
-Stop microorganisms getting in

109
Q

What can a lack of platelets cause?

A

Excessive bleeding and bruising.

110
Q

What is Plasma?

A

The liquid that carries everything in blood.

111
Q

What does Plasma carry?

A

Red and white blood cells, platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, Carbon dioxide, Urea, Hormones, Proteins, Antibodies and antitoxins.

112
Q

What is nutrients?

A

These are the soluble products of digestion which are absorbed from the gut and taken to the cells of the body.

113
Q

Where does Plasma carry carbon dioxide from?

A

From the organs to the lungs.

114
Q

Where does Plasma carry Urea from?

A

From the liver to the kidneys.

115
Q

What are antibodies and antitoxins produced by?

A

The white blood cells.

116
Q

What are examples of platelets?

A

Red and white blood cells.

117
Q

What is the job of stents?

A

To keep arteries open

118
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty materials building up

119
Q

What does coronary heart disease cause?

A

The arteries to become narrow, so blood flow is restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle - this can result in a heart attack

120
Q

What are stents?

A

Stents are tubes that are inserted inside arteries

121
Q

How do stents help people with coronary heart disease?

A

They reduce the risk of a heart attack.

122
Q

What are the risks of stents?

A

Complications during the operation and a risk of infection from surgery.

123
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

The risk of a patient developing a blood clot near the stent.

124
Q

What is Cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is an essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function properly.

125
Q

What can having to much of a certain type of Cholesterol known as ‘bad’ or LDL cholesterol cause?

A

Health problems.

126
Q

What can having to much ‘bad’ cholesterol in the bloodstream cause?

A

Fatty deposits to form inside arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease.

127
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol present in the bloodstream.

128
Q

What is an advantage of Statins that comes when reducing the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol in the blood?

A

Statins can reduce the risks of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks.

129
Q

As well as reducing the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol how can statins be an advantage?

A

Statins can increase the amount of beneficial type of cholesterol known as ‘good’ or HDL cholesterol in your bloodstream.

130
Q

What is a disadvantage of Statins?

A

Long-term drug that must be taken regularly. There’s a risk of someone forgetting to take it.

131
Q

What is a negative side effect statins can cause?

A

Headaches however some side effects can be serious, kidney failure, liver damage and memory loss.

132
Q

What will doctors do if a person has heart failure?

A

Perform a heart transplant using donor organs from people who have recently died.

133
Q

What will doctors do if someone has heart failure and there are no donor organs.

A

Doctors may fit an artificial heart.

134
Q

What is an artificial heart?

A

Mechanical devices that pump blood for a person whose own heart has failed.

135
Q

When are artificial hearts used?

A

Temporary fit to keep a person alive until a donor heart can be found or to help a person recover by allowing the heart to rest and heal

136
Q

In some cases why are artificial hearts used as a permanent fit?

A

To reduce the need for a donor heart.

137
Q

What is the main advantage of an artificial heart?

A

They are less likely to be rejected by the bodies immune system than a donor heart.

138
Q

Why is an artificial heart less likely to be rejected than a donor heart?

A

They are made from metals or plastics so your body doesn’t recognise them as ‘foreign’.

139
Q

What can the surgery to fit an artificial heart lead to?

A

Bleeding and infection.

140
Q

Why doesn’t an artificial heart work as well as a healthy natural one?

A

Parts of the heart could wear out or the electrical motor could fail

141
Q

What does the blood not flowing through the artificial heart smoothly cause?

A

Blood clots and lead to stroke

142
Q

How are blood clots and strokes prevented when a patient has an artificial heart?

A

The patient has to take drugs to thin their blood.

143
Q

What can faulty heart valves be replaced by?

A

Biological or mechanical valves.

144
Q

How can the valves in the heart be damaged or weekend?

A

Heart attacks, infection or old age.

145
Q

What can a damaged valve cause?

A

The valve tissue to stiffen, so it won’t open properly.

146
Q

What can a leaky valve cause?

A

The blood to flow in both directions rather than just forward.

147
Q

How can severe valve damage be treated?

A

By replacing the valve with mechanical valves or biological valves.

148
Q

What are biological valves?

A

Replacement valves taken from humans or other mammals.

149
Q

What are mechanical valves?

A

man-made valves.

150
Q

What is artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute which is used to replace the lost volume of blood.

151
Q

Is artificial blood safe?

A

It’s safe and can keep you alive even if they loose 2/3 of your red blood cells.

152
Q

What is the function of artificial blood?

A

To replace the lost red blood cells, so that there’s no need for a blood transfusion.

153
Q

What is health?

A

Health is the sate of physical and mental wellbeing.

154
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that can be spread from person to person or between animals and people.

155
Q

What are communicable diseases caused by?

A

Things like bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi.

156
Q

What can communicable diseases also be described as?

A

Contagious or infectious disease.

157
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that cannot be spread between people or between animals and people.

158
Q

What can happen if different diseases interact?

A

Can cause other physical or mental health issues that don’t immediately seem related.

159
Q

Who has an increased chance of suffering from communicable diseases such as influenza (flu)?

A

People who have problems with their immune system.

160
Q

Why do people who have problems with their immune system have an increased chance of suffering from communicable diseases?

A

Because their body is less likely to defend itself against pathogen that cause the disease.

161
Q

What can some types of cancer be triggered by?

A

Infection by certain viruses.

162
Q

What can infection with some types of hepatitis virus cause?

A

Long term infections in the liver, where the virus lives in the cell.

163
Q

What can infection with some types of hepatitis virus lead to?

A

An increase chance to developing liver cancer.

164
Q

What can infection with HPV cause?

A

Cervical cancer in women.

165
Q

What are immune system reactions caused by?

A

Infection by a pathogen.

166
Q

What can immune system reactions trigger?

A

Allergic reactions such as skin rashes or worsen the symptoms of asthma for asthma sufferers.

167
Q

When are mental health conditions such as depression triggered?

A

When someone is suffering from severe physical health problems.

168
Q

What are other factors that can also affect your health.

A

-A good balanced diet
-The stress you are under
-Your life situation

169
Q

How can weather or not you have a good balanced diet effect your health?

A

It provides everything your body needs and in the right amounts.

170
Q

How can the stress you are under effect your health?

A

Being consistently under lots of stress can lead to health issues.

171
Q

How can your life situation effect your health?

A

For example weather you have easy access to medicines to treat illness.

172
Q

What are risk factors?

A

Things that are linked to an increase in likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease in their lifetime.

173
Q

What are non-communicable diseases caused by?

A

Several different risk factors interacting with each other.

174
Q

What are people from deprived areas more likely to have?

A

Cardiovascular disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes.

175
Q

What are people from deprived areas more likely to do?

A

Smoke, have a poor diet and not exercise.

176
Q

What can smoking directly cause?

A

Cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer.

177
Q

How can smoking directly cause cardiovascular disease, lung disease and lung cancer?

A

It damages the walls of arteries and the cells in the lining of the lungs.

178
Q

What can obesity directly cause?

A

Type 2 diabetes.

179
Q

How can obesity directly cause type 2 diabetes?

A

By making the body less sensitive or resistant to insulin, meaning it is struggling to control the concentration of glucose in the blood.

180
Q

What can drinking too much alcohol directly cause?

A

Liver disease and can effect brain function too.

181
Q

How can drinking too much alcohol effect brain function directly?

A

It damages the nerve cells in the brain, causing the brain to loose volume.

182
Q

What risk factors can directly cause health problems for an unborn baby?

A

Smoking when pregnant. Alcohol has similar effects.

183
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Things that cause cancer.

184
Q

What are risk factors that aren’t directly capable of causing disease?

A

A lack of exercise and a high fat diet.

185
Q

What is Cancer caused by?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and diversion.

186
Q

What is this this uncontrolled growth and diversion a result of?

A

Changes that occur to the cells and result in a formation of a tumour.

187
Q

What is Benign?

A

This is where the tumour grows until there’s no more room.

188
Q

Where does the tumour stay?

A

In one place (usually the membrane) rather than invading other tissues in the body.

189
Q

What is Malignant?

A

Where the tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues

190
Q

What can malignant cells do?

A

Break off and spread to other parts of the body.

191
Q

What do malignant cells breaking off and spreading to other parts of the body cause them to do?

A

Invade healthy tissues elsewhere in the body and form secondary tumours.

192
Q

Are malignant tumours dangerous?

A

Malignant tumours are dangerous and can be fatal - they are cancers.

193
Q

What is smoking, obesity, UV exposure and viral infection often associated with?

A

Lifestyle

194
Q

How can genetics be associated with cancer?

A

Sometimes you can inherit faulty genes that make you more susceptible to cancer.

195
Q

What are plant cells organised into?

A

Tissues and organs.

196
Q

What organs are plants made up of?

A

Stems, roots and leaves

197
Q

Where does Epidermal tissue cover?

A

The whole plant.

198
Q

What is Palisade mesophyll tissue?

A

This is the part of the leaf where photosynthesis happens.

199
Q

What is Spongy mesophyll tissue?

A

Contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells.

200
Q

What is the xylem and phloem?

A

They transport things like water, mineral ions and food around the plant.

201
Q

Where is meristem tissue found?

A

Found in the growing tips of shoots and roots.

202
Q

What is the function of meristem tissue?

A

To able to differentiate (change) into lots of different types of plant cell, allowing the plant to grow.

203
Q

What is the leaf?

A

An organ made up of several types of tissue.

204
Q

What is the function of epidermal tissues?

A

Covered with waxy cuticle, which help to reduce water loss by evaporation.

205
Q

What is the function of upper epidermis?

A

Transparent so light can pass through it to the palisade layer.

206
Q

What is the function of palisade layer?

A

Has lots of chloroplast, they are near the top of the leaf where they can get the most light.

207
Q

What is the function of the xylem and phloem?

A

Form a network of vascular bundles, which deliver water and other nutrients to the entire leaf and take away the glucose produced by photosynthesis.

208
Q

What are the tissues of leaves adapted for?

A

Efficient gas exchange.

209
Q

What is the opening and closing of the stomata controlled by?

A

Guard cells in response to environmental conditions.

210
Q

What does the air space in the spongy mesophyll tissue increase?

A

The rate of diffusion of gases.

211
Q

What do phloem tubes transport?

A

Food substances made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage.

212
Q

What are phloem tubes made of?

A

Columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through.

213
Q

In the Phloem what way does transport go in?

A

Both directions.

214
Q

What is Translocation?

A

The transport of dissolved materials within a plant.

215
Q

What do xylem tubes take?

A

Takes water up.

216
Q

What are xylem tubes made up of?

A

Dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole down the middle.

217
Q

What are xylem tubes strengthened with?

A

Material called lignin.

218
Q

What do xylem tubes carry?

A

Water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves.

219
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

The movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves.

220
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

The loss of water from the plant.

221
Q

What is Transpiration caused by?

A

The evaporation and diffusion of water from a plant’s surface.

222
Q

Where does most Transpiration happen?

A

In the leaves

223
Q

When does water stop being drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels?

A

When transpiration occurs as it creates a slight shortage of water in the leaf.

224
Q

When water isn’t being drawn up from the xylem vessel what does this cause?

A

Water being drawn up from the roots, and so there’s a constant transpiration stream of water through the plant.

225
Q

What is transpiration rate affected by?

A

Light intensity, temperature, air flow and humidity.

226
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

The brighter the light, the greater the transpiration rate.

227
Q

What happens to stomata when it gets dark?

A

Stomata begin to close.

228
Q

What happens to photosynthesis when it gets dark?

A

Photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark, so they does not need to open to let CO2 in.

229
Q

What happens when the stomata is closed?

A

Very little water can escape.

230
Q

How does temperature effect transpiration?

A

The warmer it is, the faster transpiration happens.

231
Q

What happens when it’s warm?

A

The water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata.

232
Q

How does air flow effect transpiration?

A

The better the air flow around the leaf, the greater the transpiration rate.

233
Q

What happens if air flow around a leaf is poor?

A

The water vapour just surrounds the leaf and doesn’t move away.

234
Q

What does it mean when water vapour just surrounds the leaf and doesn’t move away?

A

There’s a high concentration of water particles outside the leaf as well as inside it, so diffusion doesn’t happen as quickly

235
Q

What happens if there’s a good air flow?

A

water vapour is swept away, maintaining a low concentration of water in the air outside the leaf.

236
Q

How does diffusion happen when there’s a good air flow?

A

Quickly, from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

237
Q

How does humidity effect transpiration?

A

The drier the air around the leaf, the faster transpiration happens.

238
Q

What happens if the air is humid?

A

There’s a lot of water in it already, so there’s not much of a difference between the inside and the outside of the leaf.

239
Q

In humidity when does diffusion happen the fastest?

A

If there’s a really high concentration in one place, and a really low concentration in the other.

240
Q

How can you measure the rate of transpiration?

A

By measuring the uptake of water by a plant.

241
Q

Why can you measure the rate of transpiration by measuring the uptake of water by a plant?

A

You can assume the water uptake by the plant is directly related to water loss by the leaves.

242
Q

What are guard cells adapted for?

A

To open and close stomata, gas exchange and controlling water loss within a leaf.

243
Q

What shape do guard cells have?

A

A kidney shape.

244
Q

What happens when the plant has lots of water?

A

The guard cells fill with it and go plump and turgid.

245
Q

What happens when the guard cells go plump and turgid?

A

This makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis.

246
Q

What happens when the plant is short of water?

A

The guard cells loose water and become flaccid, making the stomata close.

247
Q

What do thin outer walls and thickened inner walls make?

A

The opening and closing work.

248
Q

Why do guard cells close at night?

A

They’re sensitive to light and to save water without loosing out on photosynthesis.

249
Q

Where can you find stomata?

A

More on the undersides of leaves than on top.

250
Q

Why is stomata on the lower surface of the leaf?

A

So less water is lost through the stomata.

251
Q

What conditions do the lower surface of the leaf have?

A

Shaded and cooler.

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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