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GCSE Biology > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease.

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2
Q

What do pathogens cause?

A

They cause communicable (infectious) disease - disease that can easily spread.

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3
Q

What are infected by pathogens?

A

Plants and animals.

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4
Q

What is Bacteria?

A

Bacteria are vey small cells, which reproduce rapidly inside your body.

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5
Q

How do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

By producing toxins(poisons) that damage your cells and tissue.

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6
Q

What are viruses not?

A

Viruses are not cells.

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7
Q

How are viruses similar to bacteria?

A

They reproduce rapidly inside your body.

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8
Q

What do viruses do inside your cells?

A

They live inside your cells and replicate themselves.

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9
Q

How do viruses replicate themselves?

A

using the cells’ machinery to produce may copies of themselves they then burst releasing all the new viruses.

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10
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

They replicate themselves inside your cells using the cells machinary producing many copies of themselves they then burst realising all the new viruses this cell damage makes you feel ill.

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11
Q

What are protists?

A

Single - celled eukaryotes

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12
Q

What is fungi made up of

A

Some fungi are single-celled. Others have a body which is made up of hyphae (thread-like structures).

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13
Q

How do hyphae cause disease?

A

Can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing disease.

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14
Q

What can hyphae produce?

A

spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals.

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15
Q

How can pathogens be spread?

A

By water, air and direct contact.

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16
Q

How can pathogens be spread by water?

A

Some pathogens can be picked up by drinking or bathing in dirty water.

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17
Q

How can pathogens be spread by air?

A

Pathogens can be carried in the air and then breathed in. Some airborne pathogens are carried in the air by droplets produced when you cough or sneeze.

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18
Q

How can pathogens be spread by direct contact?

A

Some pathogens can be picked up by touching contaminated surfaces, including the skin.

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19
Q

What are examples of viral diseases?

A

1)Measles
2)HIV
3)Tobacco mosaic virus(TMV)

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20
Q

How are measles spread?

A

droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

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21
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A

Red skin rash and they’ll show signs of a fever

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22
Q

What can measles lead to if there are complications?

A

Pneumonia (a lung infection) or a brain infection called encephalitis

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23
Q

What is done to prevent a measles outbreak?

A

Most people are vaccinated against measles when they are young.

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24
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

sexual contact or by exchanging bodily fluids such as blood

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu-like symptoms for a few weeks then the person doesn’t experience any symptoms for several years

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26
Q

How can HIV be controlled?

A

By antiretroviral drugs - these stop the virus replicating in your body

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27
Q

How does HIV affect your body?

A

The virus attacks the immune cells if it is badly damaged it can’t cope with other infections or cancer.

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28
Q

What does Tobacco mosaic virus affect?

A

Many species of plants

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29
Q

What does Tobacco mosaic virus cause?

A

Mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants - part of the leave becomes discoloured

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30
Q

What does the discolouration that Tobacco mosaic virus causes lead to?

A

The plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well so the virus affects growth

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31
Q

What is rose black spots?

A

A fungal disease.

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32
Q

What does rose black spots cause?

A

causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves the leaves ,then can turn yellow and drop off.

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33
Q

What is an effect of rose plant spots.

A

Less photosynthesis can happen so the doesn’t grow very well.

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34
Q

How does rose plant spots spread?

A

Through the environment in water or by the wind.

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35
Q

How do gardeners treat rose plant spots?

A

By using fungicides and by stripping the plant of its affected leaves.

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36
Q

What is Malaria caused by?

A

protist

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37
Q

Where does the malarial protist’s life cycle take place?

A

Inside the mosquito. The mosquito are vectors - they pick up the malarial protist when they feed on the animal.

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38
Q

How does Malaria spread?

A

Mosquitoes. The mosquito are vectors - they pick up the malarial protist when they feed on the animal.

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39
Q

What happens when a mosquito feeds on other animals?

A

It infects it by inserting the protist onto the animals blood vessel

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40
Q

What does malaria cause?

A

Repeating episodes of fever. It can be fatal.

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41
Q

How can people be protected by mosquitoes?

A

Using insecticides and mosquito nets.

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42
Q

What is Salmonella?

A

A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning.

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43
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea.

44
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella caused by?

A

The toxins that the bacteria produce.

45
Q

How can you get salmonella food poisoning?

A

By eating food that has been contaminated with Salmonella bacteria.

46
Q

How is the spread of salmonella controlled?

A

Most poultry (chickens and turkeys) are vaccinated against salmonella.

47
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A sexually transmitted disease (STD).

48
Q

How are STDs passed on?

A

Sexual contact

49
Q

What is gonorrhoea caused by?

A

Bacteria

50
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pain when you urinate and thick yellow or green discharge.

51
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A

An antibiotic called penicillin

52
Q

Why is it harder now to treat gonorrhoea with penicillin?

A

because strains of the bacteria have become resistant to it.

53
Q

How is the spread of gonorrhoea prevented?

A

Barrier methods of contraception.

54
Q

How can the spread of disease be reduced or prevented?

A

1)Being hygienic
2)Destroying vectors
3)Isolating infected individuals
4)Vaccination

55
Q

How can being hygienic effect disease?

A

Can prevent the spread of disease.

56
Q

How can destroying vectors effect disease?

A

By getting rid of the organisms that spread disease, you can prevent the disease from being passed on.

57
Q

How can Isolating infected individuals effect disease?

A

If you isolate someone who has a communicable disease, it prevents them from passing it on to anyone else.

58
Q

How can vaccinations effect disease?

A

The patient can’t develop the infection and then pass it on to someone else.

59
Q

How does the skin defend your body against disease?

A

Act as a barrier to pathogens. It also secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens.

60
Q

How does hair and mucus in your nose defend your body against disease?

A

They trap particles that could contain pathogens.

61
Q

How does the trachea and bronchi defend your body against disease?

A

-Secrete mucus to trap pathogens.
-lined with cilia. These are hair like structures, which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.

62
Q

How does the stomach defend your body against disease?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid. this kills pathogens that make it far from the mouth.

63
Q

What happens if pathogens make it inside your body?

A

Your immune system kicks in to destroy them.

64
Q

What are the lines of attack when white blood cells come across an invading microbe?

A

1.Consuming them
2.Producing antibodies
3.Producing antitoxins

65
Q

What happens when your immune system consumes microbes?

A

White blood cells can engulf foreign cells and digest them. This is called phagocytosis.

66
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When white blood cells can engulf foreign cells and digest them.

67
Q

When producing antibodies what happens when white blood cells come across a foreign antigen?

A

They will start to produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cell so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells.

68
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A

Rapidly and carried around the body to find all similar bacteria or viruses.

69
Q

What will happen if a person is infected with the same pathogen again?

A

The white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it - the person is naturally immune to the pathogen and won’t get ill

70
Q

Why are antitoxins produced by your immune system when attacking pathogens?

A

To counteract toxins produced by the invading bacteria.

71
Q

What is the purpose of a vaccinations?

A

Protect from future infection

72
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

Vaccinations involve injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens.

73
Q

What are advantages of vaccinations?

A

1) Vaccines have helped control lots of communicable diseases that were once common.
2)Big outbreaks of disease - called epidemics - can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated

74
Q

What are disadvantages of vaccinations?

A

1) Vaccinations don’t always work - sometimes they don’t give you immunity.
2)You can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine.

75
Q

What are painkillers?

A

Drugs that relive pain, they don’t tackle the cause they just reduce the symptoms.

76
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kill the bacteria causing the problem without killing your body cells.

77
Q

Do antibiotics destroy viruses?

A

No. Viruses reproduce using your body cells, which make it very difficult to develop drugs that destroy just the virus without killing the body cells.

78
Q

What is a benefit of antibiotics?

A

greatly reduced the number of deaths from communicable diseases caused by bacteria

79
Q

What can bacteria do?

A

Mutate

80
Q

What do bacteria mutations cause?

A

them to be resistant to (not killed by) an antibiotics.

81
Q

What do bacteria mutations mean?

A

When you treat the infection , only non-resistant strains of bacteria will be killed.

82
Q

What is an example of natural selection?

A

When the individual resistant bacteria will survive and reproduce, and the population of the resistant strain will increase.

83
Q

How do doctors slow down the rate of development of resistant strains?

A

Avoid over-prescribing.

84
Q

Where do may drugs come from?

A

Plants.

85
Q

How do plants defend themselves against pests and pathogens?

A

producing a variety of chemicals.

86
Q

What are antibodies produced by?

A

B-lymphocytes

87
Q

What are B-lymphocytes?

A

A type of white blood cell.

88
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?

A

Lots of clones of dingle white blood cells meaning they are all identical and only target one specific protein antigen.

89
Q

How are hybridoma’s made?

A

Fusing a mouse B-lymphocyte with a tumour cell.

90
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for?

A

To treat disease, in laboratories and research to find specific substances

91
Q

What can monoclonal antibodies be used to do?

A

1)Bind to hormones and other chemicals in blood to measure their levels
2)Test blood samples in laboratories for certain pathogens
3)Locate specific molecules on a cell or in a tissue

92
Q

Where do cancer cells have antigens?

A

On their cell membranes that aren’t found on normal body cells. They’re called tumour markers.

93
Q

What are tumour markers?

A

When cancer cells have antigens on their cell membranes that aren’t found on normal body cells.

94
Q

How are cancer cells killed?

A

When monoclonal antibodies bind to the tumour markers (in a lab) and an anti-cancer drug can be attached. This is given to a patient through a drip.

95
Q

What are anti-cancer drugs?

A

This might be a radio active substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cancer cells from growing and dividing.

96
Q

What are advantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A

cancer treatment

97
Q

What are side effects of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Fever, vomiting and low blood pressure

98
Q

What do plants need?

A

Mineral ions from the soil

99
Q

What happens if there is a lack of nitrates in plants?

A

Nitrates are needed to make protein therefore for growth, causing stunted growth.

100
Q

What happens if there is a lack of magnesium ions in plants?

A

Magnesium ions are needed for making chlorophyll, which is needed for photosynthesis. Without enough magnesium ions plants suffer from chlorosis and have yellow leaves.

101
Q

What plants be infected or damaged by?

A

Plants can be infected by viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens. They can also be infected and damaged by insects.

102
Q

What are the signs that a plant has a disease?

A

1)Stunted growth
2)Spots on the leaves
3)Patches of decay (rot)
4)Abnormal growth
5)Malformed stems or leaves
6)Discoloration

103
Q

How can you identify plant diseases?

A

1)Looking up the signs in a gardener manual or a gardener website
2)Taking the infected plants to a laboratory
3)Using testing kits that identify the pathogen using monoclonal antibodies

104
Q

What are the types of defences in plants?

A

Physical, Chemical and Mechanical defences

105
Q

What are a plants physical defences?

A

1)Most plant leaves and stems have a waxy cuticle
2)Plant cells themselves are surrounded by cell walls made from cellulose
3)Plants have layers of dead cells around their stems

106
Q

What are a plants chemical defences?

A

1)Some can produce antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria
2)Other plants produce poisons which can deter herbivores (organisms that eat plants)

107
Q

What are a plants mechanical defences?

A

1)Some plants have adapted to have thorns or hairs
2)Other plants have leaves that droop or curl when something touches them
2)Some plants can cleverly mimic other organisms.

GCSE Biology (7 decks)

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