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Criminology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the social context surrounding the emergence of new right criminology?

A

1980’s, dominance of political ideology, “law and order” as main concept, after the recession in 1970s which caused higher crime rates and alienation (especially amongst youth).

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2
Q

What are the two base themes of new right criminology?

A

Placing responsibility for crime on the individual and reasserting punishment.

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3
Q

What were the two divisions of new right criminology?

A

Populist (related to political process) and academic (related to work of criminologists) dimensions.

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4
Q

What are the two perspectives in new right criminology?

A

Right wing libertarian and conservative.

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5
Q

What traits marked the rise of free-market economic policies?

A
  • increasing globalization of world economic markets
  • massive pools of labour
  • lack of labour laws and minimum wage in other parts of the world
  • massive outsourcing
  • free trade pact between mexico, us, canada
  • service economy
  • high unemployment
  • high inflation
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6
Q

What characterized global financial policies in the 1980s?

A

Economic efficiency, tax cuts, welfare cuts, control of unions, wealth creation. “Decade of Greed”

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7
Q

What are economic rationalists?

A

Believe that supporting the wealthy will in turn aid the poor people.

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8
Q

What did Canadian politicians believe would allow the economy to prosper?

A

Free trade

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9
Q

What does law and order mean internationally?

A

Combatting terrorism and drugs by any means necessary, little focus on human rights.

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10
Q

What does law and order mean domestically?

A

Attack on disorder in society, more police force, harsher sentences, reintroduction of death penalty.

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11
Q

What is deregulation?

A

Government stops regulating banks, stock brokers and allows them to function independently.

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12
Q

Why did deregulation seem like a good idea to some people?

A

If the market was more accessible, then more people would make money.

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13
Q

What was the actual result of deregulation?

A

Lots of white collar crime: insider trading, tax evasion, fraud, bankruptcy, inflation, class divide.

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14
Q

Rhetoric of populism

A

Criminals seen as animals or savages, especially in the case of black men, us vs. them.

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15
Q

Authoritarian populism

A

The process by which crime is conveyed in a series of moral panics about law-and-order issues, became an electoral tool.

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16
Q

What happened in ferguson? What was the reaction from police, mayor?

A

A cop shot an unarmed Black boy in Ferguson. Mayor says that the town gets around well with one another and there is no history of racial tension. The ferguson police officers target minorities, ordered by the county police sheriff.

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17
Q

What was the PC party’s platform on justice in 2015?

A
  • eintroduce and pass the dangerous driving impaired act
  • Reintroduce “life means life” legislation: life sentences with no chance of parole
  • Crack down on criminal gangs
  • War on drugs
  • Protect seniors
  • Barbaric Cultural Practices Hotline
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18
Q

What was the Barbaric Cultural Practices Hotline?

A

Had zero tolerance for “barbaric” practices, provided a hotline for people to report suspected forced marriages, and other things along those lines. Used to target immigrants and specifically muslim people (ex. Niqab ban). If an undocumented immigrant was reported they would have no trial, just be deported.

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19
Q

What was right wing libertarianism characterized by?

A

Competitive free-market capitalism, minimal state intervention (unless people are directly harmed by act, ex. theft).

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20
Q

How are humans considered by right wing libertarianism?

A

Rational entities with free will

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21
Q

What moral philosophy is right wing libertarianism based on?

A

Egoism, wherein the only constraints on behaviour should be to not harm others.

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22
Q

What is the definition of crime according to right wing libertarianism?

A

Crime is restrictive in nature, acts that violate the natural rights of others (infringement of physical self or private property).

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23
Q

What is the focus of right wing libertarianism?

A

Individual liberty and protection of private property.

24
Q

What is the cause of crime according to right wing libertarianism.

A

Individual’s choice.

25
Q

What is the nature of offender according to right wing libertarianism?

A

Humans are inherently possessive and individualistic, responsible for their own actions.

26
Q

What is response to crime (right wing libertarianism)?

A

Individuals should be held responsible. Face retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, punishment.

27
Q

What does right wing libertarianism think about victimless crimes?

A

Should be decriminalized because no one else is harmed.

28
Q

What is the crime prevention in right wing libertarianism?

A

Decriminalization, minimal state intervention, moral call, self-control.

29
Q

What is the ideal operation of the criminal justice system for right wing libertarianism?

A

Greater use of incarceration and detention, use of restitution to compensate victims, privatization of security, law enforcement and prisons.

30
Q

What is the secret trial 5?

A

Defines that people who aren’t citizens aren’t protected under the constitution. They can be deported if accused of terrorism, the government does not have to release any info surrounding why.

31
Q

Who was Sheriff Joe Arpaio?

A

A sheriff who ran a jail in maricopa county. He treated his inmates terribly, and many of his inmates have died in his care. He was somehow pardoned by D. Trump…

32
Q

What is the traditional conservative (TC) perspective?

A

A christian embodied perspective similar to RWL but also cares about crimes against morality, and believes christianity is the only acceptable religion.

33
Q

What is crime according to TC?

A

Crime includes activities that endanger people, property or go against morality, traditional values, respect for authority.

34
Q

How does TC view the nuclear family?

A

Necessary for family and integrity of society.

35
Q

What is the TC focus of analysis?

A

Personal sacrifice, self-discipline and submission to authority.

36
Q

What is the cause of crime in TC?

A

Unwillingness to accept discipline, weakening of traditional loyalties, pursuit of immediate individual gratification, lack of respect for authority.

37
Q

What is the nature of offender to TC?

A

People are inherently evil and possess natural urges to deviate.

38
Q

What is the TC response to crime?

A

Punishment that can be greater than proportional and is not focused on reintegration.

39
Q

What is the TC prevention?

A

Importance of morality and respect for authority, other people punished swiftly and harshly to be a warning, stigmatized into moral consensus.

40
Q

What is the ideal operation according to TC?

A

Increased state intervention in crimes against morality, harsh penalties and conformity.

41
Q

How did RWL related to other perspectives?

A

Linked to classical perspective bc it emphasizes responsibility, proportionality and protection of liberty.

42
Q

How is TC related to other perspectives?

A

Reflected in sociological and criminological theorizing.

43
Q

What is the control theory in NRC?

A

People are inherently anti-social and would commit crime if they dared. Their bond to society developed through socialization is what keeps someone from deviating.

44
Q

What are the four elements that determine one;s bond to society?

A

attachment
- goal to prevent crime is to establish strong attachments to acceptable social values
commitment
- how committed you are to values demonstrated by institutions
involvement
- the more involved you are in the transmission of pro-social values, the least likely you are to commit crime
-belief
- do you actually believe in obeying or do you just obey bc you know you’re supposed to

45
Q

What is a contemporary example of control theory?

A

Gottfredson and Hirschi saud that low-self control leads to criminal behaviour, that self control is socialized in children before 8 years old. They believe that those who offend need to be re-socialized so they are invested in society.

46
Q

How has control theory been co-opted?

A

To encourage use of corporal punishment for any disobedience, ex. blanket training

47
Q

What is rational choice theory?

A

Assumes that criminals are rational agents who seek to maximise their own benefit, thus encourages that the risks and costs associated with crime be augmented.

48
Q

What is the broken windows theory?

A

Assumes that the places where there is disorder are the places where there is crime. If neighbourhoods are decrepit, crime is more likely bc disorder.

49
Q

What are underclass explanations?

A

Idea that the problem of crime is the behaviour of certain groups of people, “the underclass”, who commit crimes simply by choice.

49
Q

What was an example of policy motivated by broken windows theory?

A

NYC, 90’s, had lots of crime on the subway. So they decided to target turnstile jumping which just caused the crime to move to other places.

50
Q

What is the myth of the welfare queen?

A

That people on welfare don’t actually need welfare they just don’t want a job. Want to de-incentivize poverty.

51
Q

What is the proposed solution to the underclass problem?

A

Disapproval of behaviour, withdrawal of government support, efforts to resocialize “hard work”.

52
Q

What is the electoral appeal of underclass explanations?

A
  • sensationalist hyperbole
  • attempts to contain “dangerous classes”
  • assessment of risk and dangerousness
  • zero-tolerance policing
  • three strikes you’re out and tough on crime punishment
53
Q

What are the main critiques of NRC?

A

Ignores power distribution that determines available choices, ignores social divisions, ignores significant sectors of society outside of the WASP category, avoids crimes of the powerful, harsh penalties are not shown to be effective, social difference does not equal social deviance, erosion of human and civil rights.

54
Q

What were the key assumptions in law and order common sense that were perpetuated by the media

A
  • crime rates are soaring
  • crime is worse than ever
  • criminal justice is soft on crime
  • criminal justice system is loaded in favour of criminals
  • there should be more police
  • police should have more powers
  • courts should deliver tougher penalties
  • retribution through courts will bring satisfaction to victims

Criminology (9 decks)

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