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English Final > Anatomy FINAL > Flashcards

Anatomy FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochandria

A

Produces ATP

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like fluid inside the cell

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3
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material

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6
Q

Cell differentiation

A

a process in which cells become specialized.

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7
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit.

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8
Q

Cell

A

the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes

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9
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Generates force for movement

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10
Q

Epitheleal tissue

A

Covering/lining of body parts

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11
Q

Connective tissue

A

Holds in place, connects, and integrates the body’s organs and systems

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12
Q

Nervous tissue

A

sends and receives impulses through electrochemical signals.

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13
Q

Epidermis

A

Top layer of the skin. Made of epitheleal cells and it’s the protective layer. Avascular = no blood vsesels

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14
Q

Dermis

A

Middle layer of skin. Makes up most of the skin. Made of connective tissue. Vascualr = Blood vessels.

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15
Q

Hypodermis

A

not part of the skin. Deepest layer. Made of adipose (fat) tissue.

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16
Q

Keratinocytes

A

produce keratin

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17
Q

Langerhan cells

A

ingests foreign substances and activates immune system

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18
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce melanin

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19
Q

Merkel cells

A

tactile (sensory) cells

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20
Q

Dermal papillary

A

Bumps that bind the epidermis & dermis; creates fingerprints

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21
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

sense light touch

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22
Q

Capillary loops

A

Blood vessels used to exchange substances and wastes

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23
Q

Free nerve endings

A

sense pain, heat, cold, itching, and tickling

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24
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

contracts to raise hair on end

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25
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Gland that secretes oil

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26
Q

Sudoriferous gland

A

Gland that secretes sweat

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27
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Senses heavy touch

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28
Q

Adipose tissue

A

adheres skin to the underlying muscle

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29
Q

Sensory nerve

A

Sends message from body cells to brain

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30
Q

Motor nerve

A

Sends message from the brain to body cells

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31
Q

Blood vessels

A

a tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary.

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32
Q

Main functions of the skeletal system (5)

A

Supports the body
Movement
Protects internal organs
produces blood cells
stores and releases minerals and fats

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33
Q

2 main divisions of the skeletal system

A

Axial (skull, ribs) (inside) and appendicular (arms, legs, hips) (outside)

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34
Q

Where are the long bones located

A

Arms and legs

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35
Q

Where are irregular bones located

A

spine and skull

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36
Q

How are bones categorized?

A

Shape and function

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37
Q

Long bone

A

Leverage

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38
Q

Short bone

A

Provides stability while allowing for some motion

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39
Q

Flat bone

A

Points of attachment; protectors of internal organs

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40
Q

Irregular bones

A

Protects internal organs

41
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Protects tendons from compressive force

42
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Smooth, spindle shaped fibers. Involuntary, bladder. Helps move food, helps move blood.

43
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Long cylinders with 2 nucleus. Voluntary, biceps. Allows for strength and movement

44
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Branched, wave-like intercalated discs at the end of the fibers. Involuntary, heart. Pump blood through the body.

45
Q

Excitability

A

Has the ability to recieve electrical impulses

46
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to come back after being stretched

47
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability to be stretched/extend

48
Q

Contractibility

A

The ability to contract

49
Q

Amphiarthrotic

A

slightly moveable

50
Q

Synathrotic

A

Not moveable

51
Q

Diarthrotic

A

Ability to move completely

52
Q

Red marrow

A

Ends of the bone. Soft tissue full of stem cells that produce: red blood cells, most white blood cells, and platelets

53
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow space inside the shaft. Filled with yellow marrow.

54
Q

compact bone

A

Has few spaces. Much heavier/stronger than spongy bone. Makes up the middle/shaft of the bone.

55
Q

Periosteum

A

A membrane made of connective tissue that covers the outside of the bone. Vascular=blood
Full of bone-growing cells - width

56
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Found on the end of the bone. Protects the ends of our bones from: Friction and shock. It does not repair easily (piercings). Losing cartilage is called arthritis.

57
Q

Spongy bone

A

Type of bone found in the ends of our bones. Light weight. Has pockets/spaces in it filled with red marrow.

58
Q

Ossification

A

Bone formation

59
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood production

60
Q

Spiral

A

Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of twisting forces/movements

61
Q

Impacted

A

One fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression. (Straight break)

62
Q

Comminuted

A

Several break reasult in small pieces that broke from 2 large segments.

63
Q

Greenstick

A

Partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken

64
Q

Compound

A

Atleast one end of the bone tears through the skin; high risk of infection

65
Q

Simple

A

Skin remains intact

66
Q

What characteristics do the inorganic salt crystals give bone?

A

Strength

67
Q

What characteristics do the collagen fibers give bone?

A

Flexibility

68
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Develops into osteoblsats

69
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone resorption

70
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone formation

71
Q

Endomysium

A

The membrane that surrounds the individual muscle fibers

72
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Arranged in bundles called fascicles

73
Q

Epimysium

A

The outermost membrane of skeletal muscle

74
Q

Muslce fiber

A

(muscle cells) Made of many myofibrils

75
Q

Perimysium

A

The membrane that surround the individual fascicles

76
Q

Fascicle

A

Bundles of muscle fibers/cells

77
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of the skeletal muscle (whole thing)

78
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

The little web thing inside the sarcomere

79
Q

Z line

A

The lines outside of the myosin that touch the actin

80
Q

Actin filament

A

The thin/dark lines that get pulled by the myosin

81
Q

Myofibril

A

The little things that look like sausages/straws inside the sarcomere

82
Q

Myosin filament

A

The thick/light lines that pull the actin

83
Q

Cross bridge

A

When myosin connects to the actin

84
Q

Myosin

A

The think lines

85
Q

Actin

A

The thin circles/lines

86
Q

Power stroke

A

When the myosin pulls the actin

87
Q

ATP’s role in muscle contraction

A

The fuel for muscle contraction

88
Q

Calcium ions role in muscle contractions

A

Calcium connects to the troposin and gets rid of it allowing for the myosin heads to connect to the actin which then results in muscle contraction

89
Q

The purpose of meuromuscular junction

A

Get the chemical messenger from the nervous tissue to the msucle tissue.

90
Q

Frontal plane

A

Cuts body in half vertically from arm to arm.
Facing forwards:
—————
| |
| |
| |
—————-

91
Q

Saggital plane

A

Cuts body in half vertically from back to front.
Facing forwards:
|
|
|

92
Q

Transvers plane

A

Cuts body in half horizontally from hip to hip.
Facing forward:
—————-

93
Q

Superior

A

Above

94
Q

Inferior

A

Below

95
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline

96
Q

Lateral

A

Further away from the midline

97
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the front of the body

98
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back of the body

English Final (20 decks)

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