Chap 2 Flashcards
What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?
- Identify the problem
- Gather information
- Generate a hypothesis
- Design and Conduct experiments
- Analyze the data and formulate conclusions
- Restart the process
What is a case study?
An in depth analysis of a unique circumstance or individual
What is a major drawback of using case studies?
It is hard to generalize the information.
What is a survey?
A method using questions to collect information on how people think or act.
What is a major drawback of surveys?
Sampling error or bias.
What are wording effects in surveys?
The wording of survey questions can heavily influence the results.
What are four types of response bias in surveys? Describe them
-Acquiescent response bias is the tendency to agree with things
-the socially desirable bias is answering in ways that seem socially acceptable
-illusory superiority is the tendency for people to think they are above average
-volunteer bias describes the idea that people who volunteer for a survey are more inclined to respond a certain way
What is illusory superiority?
The tendency for people to think they are above average at things.
What are the 5 principles of ethics of Psychologists? Describe them lightly
A: Beneficence and non-maleficence states that psychologists should strive to do good and avoid harm causing experiments.
B: Fidelity and Responsibility states that researchers should be honest and reliable with participants and data such as making them aware of potential risks.
C: Integrity states that psychologists should strive to be accurate, honest, and unbiased in the teaching and practice of psychology.
D: Justice states that the people who participate in the research project should stand to benefit from the results.
E: Respect for people’s rights and dignities states that researchers should strive to respect participant rights and privacy.
What are exclusion and inclusion criterion? What principle of psychological ethics does this info fall under?
Inclusion criterion are criteria that need to be met for participants to participate, and exclusion is criteria that would prevent them from participating. This is important for principle D: the justice principle.
What are the criteria for a population to fall under the vulnerable populations umbrella in research?
Participants may not be able to provide free or informed consent. They may have:
-Decisional impairment: they have the diminished capacity to provide consent
-Situational Vulnerability: Individuals that may feel coerced into participating for money or protection etc.
What are the 4 rules of vulnerable population research?
- If the research can be done without using vulnerable populations, do that.
- When research is carried out with vulnerable populations, researchers should be responsive to needs and conditions of the participants.
- If the individual is unable to give consent, the parents/guardians must give consent, and the participant must give assent.
- In cases of situational vulnerability, safeguards should be put in place to prevent exploitation.
What is the research type that looks to link two variables?
Correlation
What value tells us how well correlated two variables are? What is the range of this number?
The correlation coefficient ranges from minus 1 to 1
What is the correlation coefficient for a perfectly correlational relationship? Perfectly inverse correlational?
+1 and -1 respectively
