memory Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

A

an information processing system that works constructively to encode, store, and retrieve information

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2
Q

3 key memory processes

A
  1. encoding
  2. storing
  3. retrieving
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3
Q

how does forgetting occur?

A

failure of any 3 of the memory stages to take place

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4
Q

encoding

A

process that controls movement from STM (working memory) to LTM (getting information in)

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5
Q

storage

A

to keep memory in the STM through rehearsal or practice

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6
Q

retrieval

A

process that controls flow of information from LTM to STM (getting information out)

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7
Q

3 major stages of memory

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. short-term memory (STM)
  3. long-term memory (LTM)
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8
Q

what 3 factors do the stages of memory differ in?

A
  1. capacity - how MUCH info can be stored
  2. duration - how LONG the info can be stored
  3. function - what is DONE with the info stored (capacity+function)
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9
Q

sensory input

A

everything we see, hear, taste, touch, and smell

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10
Q

when sensory input is ENCODED, it goes into our

A

sensory memory

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11
Q

sensory memory

A

function - holds information long enough for it to be processed for basic physical characteristics

capacity - large (can hold many items at once)

duration - very brief retention

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12
Q

_____ is needed to transfer info from sensory memory into working memory

A

attention

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13
Q

sensory memory is divided into 2 types

A
  • iconic memory (visual info) - retained for around 250s
  • echoic memory (auditory info) - retained for around 3s
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14
Q

psychologists believe that during the sensory memory stage, there is a separate register for each sense

A

iconic memory - eye
echoic memory - ear
tactile memory - touch
olfactory memory - smell
gustatory memory - taste

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15
Q

which memory stage forms automatically without attention or interpretation

A

sensory memory

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16
Q

when information is given attention, it will go into STM, which has a capacity of

A

7 ± 2 pieces of information

17
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

the action of repeating or practicing information in order to keep it in STM

18
Q

also known as working memory

A

short-term memory

19
Q

short-term memory consists of 3 components

A
  • central executive - resembles “attention”
  • phonological loop - holds info in a speech-based form
  • visuo-spatial sketchpad - specialized for holding visual and spatial info
20
Q

short-term memory

A

function - conscious processing of info

capacity - limited (holds 7 ± 2 items)

duration - brief storage (20s)

21
Q

if maintenance rehearsal cannot be used

A

memory decays quickly

22
Q

an example of a way to improve STM

A

chunking (grouping small bits of info into larger units)

23
Q

once info is passed from sensory information to working memory (rehearsed), it can then be encoded into the

A

long-term memory

24
Q

long-term memory

A

function - organizes and stores information (more passively than STM)

capacity - unlimited

duration - unlimited

25
Q

what is usually encoded from a piece of information?

A

meaning rather than the exact expression

26
Q

storage into long-term memory is known as

A

consolidation

27
Q

long term potentiation

A

strengthening of synapses, the cellular foundation for memory

28
Q

retroactive interference

A

new information interferes with the retention of old info in working memory

29
Q

proactive interference

A

old information interferes with the recall of new info

30
Q

ways to strengthen retrieval

A
  • mnemonics
  • method of loci
  • making something personally relevant
31
Q

proactive and retroactive retrieval interference

A

proactive - new phone number replaces old phone number

retroactive - old route home blocks new route home

32
Q

factors that affect retrieval

A
  • level of processing
  • organization of info
  • context
33
Q

types of long-term memory

A
  • episodic memory
  • semantic memory
  • declarative
  • procedural
  • prospective
34
Q

stores every event/situation you have been involved in

A

episodic memory (autobiographical)

35
Q

memory of facts about the world
ex: london is the capital of UK

A

semantic memory

36
Q

memory of facts and events, refers to memories that are explicitly recalled (explicit memory)

A

declarative memory

37
Q

memory for procedures
ex: how to ride a bike

A

procedural memory

38
Q

memory for things to be done in the future

A

prospective memory