language

Question 1

the 5 components of language

Answer 1

1. phonology
2. morphology
3. semantics
4. syntax
5. pragmatics

Question 2

phonology

Answer 2

the actual sound of language

Question 3

morphology

Answer 3

the structure of words

Question 4

words are composed of multiple building blocks known as ______

Answer 4

morphemes

Question 5

semantics

Answer 5

the association of meaning with a word

Question 6

syntax

Answer 6

how words are put together to form sentences

Question 7

pragmatics

Answer 7

the dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge

Question 8

what does a child learn in phonology?

Answer 8

• to produce and recognize the sounds of language, separating them from environmental noises and other human created sounds (like sneezing/coughing)
• when subtle differences between speech sounds represent a change in meaning or not

Question 9

what does a child learn in morphology?

Answer 9

all the individual morphemes of a word, each of which connotes a particular meaning

Question 10

what does a child learn in semantics?

Answer 10

that certain combinations of phonemes represent certain physical objects or events and that words may refer to entire categories
(ex: animals)

Question 11

what does a child learn in syntax?

Answer 11

to distinguish that the meaning of a sentence varies depending on the order of words

(ex: “has only” and “only has”)

Question 12

what does a child learn in pragmatics?

Answer 12

that the manner in which we speak may differ depending on the audience and our relationship to the audience

Question 13

an important precursor of language is _____

Answer 13

babbling

Question 14

verbal babbling reaches its highest frequency at _____

Answer 14

9 - 12 mnths

Question 15

for language acquisition, what occurs at 12 - 18 months

Answer 15

the child adds 1 word per month

Question 16

for language acquisition, what occurs at 18 months

Answer 16

explosion of language (child learns dozens of words)

Question 17

for language acquisition, what occurs at 18 - 20 months

Answer 17

the child begins to combine words to form basic sentences

ex: from “apple” to “that apple”

Question 18

for language acquisition, what occurs at 2 - 3 years

Answer 18

children can speak longer sentences, vocabulary grows, complex grammatical rules are internalized

Question 19

observational and operant conditioning

Answer 19

these theories explain learning and meaning of words, but not explain complex grammar

Question 20

nativism

Answer 20

an innate predisposition towards language

Question 21

interactionism

Answer 21

nature and nurture

Question 22

Chomsky’s theory of Language Acquisition Devise (LAD)

Answer 22

an inborn mechanism facilitating the learning of language, consisting of neural wirings and brain structures unique to human beings

Question 23

Whorfian Hypothesis

Answer 23

states that language affects our thoughts

Question 24

Vygotsky’s theory of social development

Answer 24

• the role of social interaction in cognitive development
• the role of culture
• the role of language in learning

Question 25

theory of mind

Answer 25

difficulty of children to understand that others might have knowledge different than their own or that others do not know what they thing

Question 26

phenomenalism

Answer 26

(2 - 4 yrs)

• particular objects appear to cause illness

Question 27

contagion

Answer 27

(4 -7 yrs)

• illness caused by proximity to ill people or objects

Question 28

contamination

Answer 28

(7 - 9 yrs)

• illness caused by physical contact with ill people

Question 29

internalization

Answer 29

(9 - 11 yrs)

• illness is located within the body but may be caused by external factors
• ex: cold

Question 30

physiological

Answer 30

(11 - 16 yrs)

• illness caused by malfunction of organs or organ systems due to infections

Question 31

psychophysiological

Answer 31

(16+)

• psychological factors such as stress and fatigue may affected physiological process rather than only being an outcome