cardiovascular system

Question 1

vascular shunt

Answer 1

redirection of blood flow to area where it is most needed

Question 2

vasodilation

Answer 2

widening of blood vessels

Question 3

vasoconstriction

Answer 3

narrowing of blood vessels

Question 4

anticipatory rise

Answer 4

An increase in heart rate caused by an increase in activity of the sympathetic nervous system causing the adrenal glands to release adrenaline into the blood stream.

Question 5

sub-maximal exercise

Answer 5

any activity that doesn’t exceed 85% maximum heart rate, causes cardiac output to remain relatively unchanged.

Question 6

diastole

Answer 6

the heart filling with blood when relaxing

Question 7

systole

Answer 7

the heart emptying the blood when contracting

Question 8

maximal exercise

Answer 8

• cardiac output increases significantly
• untrained individuals cardiac output is 14-20 L/min.
• trained individuals - 25-35 L/min

Question 9

chemoreceptors

Answer 9

detects increases in carbon dioxide and lactic acid and decreases in oxygen

Question 10

baroreceptors

Answer 10

detects an increase in blood pressure

Question 11

proprioceptors

Answer 11

detects increase in muscle movement

Question 12

haemoglobin

Answer 12

oxygen carrying red pigment found in red blood cells

Question 13

parasympathetic

Answer 13

controls the bodies ‘rest’ functons

Question 14

sympathetic

Answer 14

controls your bodies responses (fight/flight response)

Question 15

autonomic

Answer 15

controls things you don’t have concious control over

Question 16

blood pressure

Answer 16

force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels

Question 17

dual action pump

Answer 17

two seperate pumps that work simulateneously to pump blood to two different places

Question 18

bradycardia

Answer 18

decrease in resting HR to below 60bpm

Question 19

cardiac output

Answer 19

the amount of blood pumped around the body per minute

Question 20

cardiac output formula

Answer 20

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 21

stroke volume

Answer 21

the amount of blood pumped around the body per beat

Question 22

venous return

Answer 22

the return of blood to the right side of the heart via the vena cava

Question 23

myogenic

Answer 23

generates it’s own electrical impulse

Question 24

arterio-venous difference (avo2)

Answer 24

the difference in the content of oxygen in the arterial blood arriving at the muscle and the oxygen content of the venous blood leaving it

Question 25

cardiovascular drift

Answer 25

• when the heart rate increases steadily even when the exercise is at the same intensity
• fluid is lost in sweat from the plasma volume-decreases venous return and stroke volume
• heart rate increases to maintain a high cardiac output.

Question 26

BOHR shift

Answer 26

• a shift of the curve to the right caused by the increase in carbon dioxide in the blood
• results in an increase in concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood, lowering the pH

Question 27

myoglobin

Answer 27

a red protein containing haem which carried and stored oxygen in muscle cells

Question 28

hypertrophy

Answer 28

an increase in muscle density of the myocardium
the heart gets bigger and stronger

Question 29

systemic circulation

Answer 29

• carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
• carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

Question 30

pulmonary circulation

Answer 30

• carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
• carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 31

valves

Answer 31

• semi-lunar valves orevent backflow of blood
• the blood in the veins can only move towards the heart and cannot ball back to where it came from

Question 32

respiratory pump

Answer 32

• muscles around the thoracic and abdominal regions cause changes in pressure - changes in pressure allow the veins in this region to compress, causing blood to be ‘sucked’ through them

Question 33

skeletal pump

Answer 33

the muscles surrounding the veins expand and contract pressing on the veins and causing a pumping effect

Question 34

starling’s law

Answer 34

• increase in venous return
• greater diastolic filling of the heart
• cardiac muscle is stretched (myocardium)
• more force of contraction
• increased blood ejected
• increased stroke volume
• cardiac output