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skool > [APES] Chapter 8 > Flashcards

[APES] Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The core is: solid/liquid

A

Outer is liquid

Inner is solid

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2
Q

What is the core made of

A

Nickel and some iron

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3
Q

What is the order of the layers of Earth

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, crust

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4
Q

The mantle is: solid/liquid

A

Liquid

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5
Q

What is the mantle made of

A

Magma

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6
Q

The asthenosphere is: solid/liquid

A

Liquid

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7
Q

What is the asthenosphere made of

A

Semi-molten rock

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8
Q

What is the lithosphere made of

A

Rock

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9
Q

Who came up with plate tectonics and when

A

Alfred Wegener in 1912

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10
Q

What is an example of divergent plate boundary

A

Mid Atlantic Ridge

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11
Q

What is an example of convergent plate boundary

A

Himalayan Mountains

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12
Q

What is an example of transform plate boundary

A

San Andreas Fault

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13
Q

What are the types of plate boundary

A

Divergent, convergent, and transform

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14
Q

T/F: The Richter Scale is logarithmic

A

T

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15
Q

How often does a 8.0 magnitude earthquake occur

A

About once a year

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16
Q

How many small earthquakes of 2.0 magnitude or lower occur a year

A

800,000

17
Q

The Ring of Fire is in the ___ Ocean

A

Pacific

18
Q

Basaltic rock is

A

Dark colored

19
Q

What do minerals in basaltic rock have high concentrations of

A

Iron, magnesium, and calciumB

20
Q

Basaltic rock make up ___ plates

A

Oceanic

21
Q

Granitic rock is

A

Light colored

22
Q

The minerals in granitic rock have high concentrations of

A

Silicon, aluminum, potassium, and calcium

23
Q

Granitic rock make up ___ plates

A

Continental

24
Q

What is a soil’s parent material

A

The underlying rock material from which its inorganic components are derived

25
Q

Quartz sand is nutrient ___

A

Poor

26
Q

Soil with high calcium carbonate is nutrient ___

A

Rich

27
Q

O horizon

A

Organic matter in various stages of decomposition - also called humus

28
Q

A horizon

A

Topsoil, a zone of organic material and minerals that are mixed

29
Q

E horizon

A

Zone of leaching of metals and nutrients

30
Q

B horizon (subsoil)

A

Zone of accumulation of metals and minerals

31
Q

C horizon (subsoil)

A

Least-weathered portion of the soil, similar to the parent material

32
Q

What three elements (IN ORDER) make up the Earth’s crust?

A

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum

33
Q

What are the basic steps in reclaiming a mining site?

A

1) The mining company must fill in the hole or depression.
2) The fill material must be shaped the follow the original contours of the land.
3) Topsoil must be returned.
4) The land must be replanted.

34
Q

What do the Mining Law of 1872 and the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 do?

A

The Mining Law of 1872 allows individuals and companies to recover fuel and ores from federal lands. It was originally meant to encourage development and western settlement.

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 regulates the surface mining of coal and the surface effects of subsurface coal mining. It mandates that land be minimally disturbed during the process and be reclaimed after the mining is completed.

35
Q

List the three soil materials from most to least permeable

A

Sand, silt, clay

36
Q

What is cation exchange capacity

A

The ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations

37
Q

What is base saturation

A

The proportion of soil bases to soil acids

38
Q

Mine tailings are

A

The residue and unwanted material after the desired metal or ore is removed

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