Ch 6 Alternative and Evolving Construction Trends

Question 1

This approach emphasizes how a building needs to be constructed and is less focused on the end performance. It is strict codes regulations and standards that drive this approach. It places the contractor in a position to make many workaround type decisions when things don’t exactly fit or material requirements are not specified or available.

Answer 1

Prescriptive building approach (contractor) - Industrial & Legacy

Question 2

This approach to building is more concerned with what a building is required to do, and not necessarily with how it is to be constructed. It is an approach that concentrates on the ends, and not the means to the end. It also allows material suppliers to diversify and innovate and allows building designers to consider alternative materials and methods.

Answer 2

Performance design approach

(suppliers/designers)

Question 3

For this steel building, C-channel and H-channel shape studs, sills, headers, and joists are used, 1/8 in thick with OSB sheeting to achieve strength

Answer 3

True lightweight steel frame building

Question 4

For this lightweight steel style, lighter I-beams, and H-columns are used to form the external skeleton of the building (Sometimes referred to as red iron). Lightweight C-channels steel studs are used to fill the exterior and internal wall sections. Lightweight steel 1/8 inch is commonly used in truss configuration (open-web bar joists) for structural members in many types of roofs.

Answer 4

Post and beam steel

(skeleton)

Question 5

Concerning lightweight steel buildings, the biggest collapse threat of these come with?

Answer 5

A fire in an unfinished basement

Question 6

These buildings use permanent expanded polystyrene (EPS) forms for poured concrete and come as panels, planks, or blocks

Answer 6

Insulated concrete form (ICF)

Question 7

Other forms of ICF

Percentage of cement to product: cellular concrete, cement-bonded polystyrene beads, cement-bonded wood fiber

OR

Combination of cement and mineralized wood chips

Answer 7

15% cement 85% recycled expanded polystyrene

15% cement and 85% mineralized wood chips

Question 8

In the 1990s, builders started to use the ICF concept to form all exterior walls as high as ____ stories

Answer 8

3

Question 9

ICF buildings over ____ stories are likely to be more like a reinforced concrete building with substantial use of steel

Answer 9

3

Question 10

ICF decking is gaining popularity as it weighs about ____ percent less than conventional concrete flooring

Answer 10

40%

Question 11

Three principal methods to build an ICF wall

Answer 11

• Flat panel
• Post and beam
• Grid block

Question 12

This system creates just that - a concrete post and beam skeleton typically with steel rebar formed by using a combination of EPS planks and panels to form the hollow molds for the concrete post and beams. The finish post and beam ICF wall can range from ____ to _____percent concrete.

Answer 12

Post and beam

40-60%

“Some benefits”

Question 13

This ICF system is one where thick EPS blocks are stacked in interlocked (like Lego blocks) to create a wall designed with internal cavities, where the concrete forms the lattice or waffle pattern. The concrete used to fill the cavities has to be high slump with minimal or small aggregate content with as _____ to _____ concrete

Answer 13

Grid block

20-30%

“Should cause firefighters concern”

Question 14

This system uses interlocking pieces of EPS to form a mold, wherein a solid mass of concrete is poured. This is continuous mass of concrete, like a conventionally poured foundation wall. The concrete can be low slump with high aggregate content, preventing a fairly resistive mass for fire conditions. The finish wall is approximately ____ concrete and ____ EPS and steel

Answer 14

Flat panel

80% & 20%

“ Friend to firefighter”

Question 15

This building is constructed with a panel that consists of two outer skins of OSB, with an insulating core made from expanded or extruded polystyrene (EPS or XPS, EPS most common). Panels range from 4 x 8‘ two as large as 8 x 28‘ or even 10 x 36‘.

Answer 15

Structural insulated panels (SIPs)

Question 16

SIPs can be built _____ high without a substructure. Taller than ____ floors use a steel post and beam skeleton with sips infill.

Answer 16

Up to 3 stories

3

Question 17

Conventional type ____ and type _____ buildings may be roofed with SIPs.

Answer 17

III and IV

Question 18

Two variants of the SIP concept are the EPS core is replaced with a proprietary fill made from ____.

The second variant replaces ___ with ____ that help provide more impact resistance for buildings in hurricane prone areas.

Answer 18

Compressed wheat straw or cellulose

OSB - Thin steel plates

Question 19

Modern straw bale construction could be of two forms?

Answer 19

Loadbearing (also called Nebraska style) (Straw Bale Building SBB)

Non-load bearing (wood or steel post and beam, bales for infill)

Question 20

Toe up and bucks are two features of what construction type?

Answer 20

Load-bearing straw bale construction (Nebraska style) (straw bale building SBB)

Question 21

The real collapse threat with the Straw Bale Building (SBB) is found with?

Answer 21

The roof (engineered wood truss, SIP or solid wood joist/truss)

Question 22

Drying in straw clay buildings can take?

Answer 22

1-2 months

Question 23

____ construction is not a construction type. It is instead an approach to construction.

Answer 23

Green

Question 24

Concerning radiant barrier sheathing, when installed as ____ sheathing, the foil must be facing outward. When installed as _____ sheathing, the foil must be facing inward. A _____ in. airspace should be maintained in front of the foil.

Answer 24

Wall

Roof

3/4 in.

Question 25

_____ live green roofs typically have a soiled depth of 2 inches to 4 inches

Answer 25

Extensive

(2 x 4 = x equals Extensive)

Question 26

____ live green roofs typically a soil depth of over 1 foot

Answer 26

Intensive

Question 27

_____ refers to a variety of wood framing techniques that reduce the amount of lumber and waste used to construct the wood frame building. This is also known as ____.

Answer 27

Advance framing methods (AFM)

Optimal value engineering (OVE)

Question 28

The AFM framing technique is environmentally friendly, uses ___ to ___ less lumber, and reduces the framing factor from ____to ____.

Answer 28

10-30%

15-25%

Question 29

Cellulose insulation is a green insulation that consists of _____ percent recycled newspaper

Answer 29

80%

Question 30

This is the movement of heat through framing members

Answer 30

Thermal bridging (one purpose of AFM/OVE is to reduce this)

Question 31

The ____ system uses a galvanized steel frame with carbon fiber reinforced EPS for panel fill

Answer 31

ThermaSteel

Question 32

A wood beam that has layers of high-strength synthetic fiber material sandwiched and bonded to layers of cut timber or laminated strand lumber (LSL). Carbon graphite strands can also be sandwiched in place of the synthetic fiber material.

Answer 32

Fiber reinforced product (FiRP)

Can carry TWICE the load of similar dimension solid wood beam

Question 33

A live green roof consists of 4 basic elements:

Answer 33

1) Roof capable of
supporting additional
weight
2) Multiple membrane
layers
3) Layer of soil
4) Planted vegetation

Question 34

Mortarless blocks are like CMU’s but have unique engineered internal shapes filled with EPS. The blocks contain perhaps ____ the amount of concrete as a common CMU.

Answer 34

Half

Question 35

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) has ___the weight of a similar size concrete block

Answer 35

1/5

Block mostly air

Question 36

This method can be defined as building construction materials, assemblies, and systems that are nontraditional, unusually innovative, or don’t readily fit into the five classic types

Answer 36

Alternative building methods

Question 37

With alternative construction, what two variations of methods and materials are there?

Answer 37

• Incorporate a mix of standard and alternative methods and materials
• Methods or materials that could be best described as leading edge, innovative, or in some cases, substandard as compared to the conventional construction methods and materials of yesterday

Question 38

The current advantages of using lightweight steel, as compared to wood, are numerous: (5)

Answer 38

• Reduced cost
• Significant weight reduction
• Ease of installation
• Resistant to termites and mold
• Noncombustible material to help
  satisfy code requirements for certain
  occupies

Question 39

The interior finish of lightweight steel construction uses drywall. An ADDITIONAL hazard associated with lightweight steel, particularly C-channel steel studs is:

Answer 39

Heat can cause the studs to warp/twist pulling the attaching screws out of the drywall, allowing fire to extend any horizontal direction

Question 40

With straw clay buildings, the spread of fire will primarily come from what?

Answer 40

Flammable materials within interior of the building

Question 41

As it relates to firefighting, green buildings may bring challenges such as: (4)

Answer 41

• Alternative power sources
• Unusual or increased dead and live -
  loads
• Low mass synthetics
• Recycled or repurposed materials

Question 42

This is not a new framing technique, but is beginning to be used to provide an energy efficient envelope for exterior walls. Studs are either aligned or staggered, and only one set of studs is loadbearing.

Answer 42

Double stud wall construction

Question 43

Which Green consideration is capable of enhancing flashover conditions as well as will greatly diminishing the effectiveness of thermal imaging cameras used to find hotspots?

Answer 43

Radiant barrier sheathing (RBS)

Question 44

This can also be referred to as manufactured board, man-made, wood, and composite wood, which includes a diverse range of EWP’s, that are primarily manufactured by binding fibers, strands, particles, or veneers of wood together with adhesives.

Answer 44

Engineered Wood

Question 45

Two ways to compress bales (SBB)

Answer 45

• Adding weight to roof
• Compression straps

Question 46

This modular panel system is EPS sandwiched between steel wire mesh and sprayed with shotcrete at the building site.

Answer 46

Insteel 3-D Panel System

Question 47

2x 4 framing, OSB sheathing covered with a peel-and-stick membrane (rubberized asphalt adhesive backed by a layer of high-density cross-laminated polyethylene) and single or multiple layers of rigid extruded polystyrene foam insulation.

Answer 47

pressure-equalized rain screen insulated structure technique (PERSIST)