Attachment And Social Development (7)

Question 1

When do infants gradually come to distinguish themselves?*

Answer 1

First 2-6 months

Question 2

When is true self-recognition displayed?*

Answer 2

18-24 months (depends on cognitive development and social experiences)

Question 3

‘Looking glass self’

Answer 3

A child’s self concept is largely determined by the ways other people respond to him/her

Question 4

Categorical self

Answer 4

A persons categorisation of the self along socially significant dimensions such as age and sex

Question 5

Self recognition

Answer 5

The ability to recognise oneself in the mirror/photo

Question 6

The rouge test (recognition in the mirror) age

Answer 6

18-20 months

Question 7

13-24 months looking in mirror*

Answer 7

Withdrawal - no longer happy at catching their own image in the mirror - acting self consciously

Question 8

New study of original chimp mirror study found self awareness at…*

Answer 8

15-24 months

Question 9

3 areas of research for emotional development**

Answer 9

Recognising and expressing facial expressions of emotion
Understanding emotions and empathising
Regulation of emotions

Question 10

Emotions as innate

Answer 10

Innate key simple expressions over the first year of life
Social smiling from 6 weeks

Question 11

How old to discriminate between smiling and frowning*

Answer 11

3 months

Question 12

Social referencing

Answer 12

Infants look to caregiver for information as to how they should respond

Question 13

Findings of 44 thieves study*

Answer 13

More than half of the thieves had been separated from their mothers for longer than 6months during their first 5 years
(Control group just 2)

Question 14

Bowlby’s attachment theory

Answer 14

Children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing their own survival

Question 15

Secure base

Answer 15

Providing an infant with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment

Question 16

Attachment theory - 4 stage model**

Answer 16

Pre-attachment
Attachment in the making
Clear cut attachment
Reciprocal relations

Question 17

Pre-attachment phase - birth to 6 weeks*

Answer 17

Infant produces innate signals that bring others to their side and is comforted by the reaction that follows

Question 18

Attachment in the making phase - 6 weeks to 6-8 months*

Answer 18

Infants begin to respond preferentially to familiar people

Question 19

Clear cut attachment phase - 6-8months - 1 and a half-2 years**

Answer 19

Infant actively seeks contact with their regular caregivers and typically shows separation protest/ distress when the caregiver departs

Question 20

Reciprocal relationships phase - 1 and a half - 2 years on*

Answer 20

Children take an active role in developing working partnerships with their caregivers

Question 21

5 instinctual behaviours in phases 1&2 that promote the development of attachment

Answer 21

Sucking, cuddling, smiling, looking, crying

Question 22

Stranger anxiety age

Answer 22

6-12 months

Question 23

Separation anxiety age*

Answer 23

Emerges at 6 months and peaks at around 15 months

Question 24

Ainsworth attachment percentages

Answer 24

Secure - 70%
Insecure-resistant - 15%
Insecure-avoidant - 15%

Question 25

At 3 years 6months securely attached babies*…

Answer 25

Enjoy successful interactions with their peer group

Question 26

At 3years 6months insecurely attached babies…

Answer 26

Tend to be hostile, impulsive and withdrawn later in childhood

Question 27

3 predictors of secure attachment*

Answer 27

Mother sensitivity
Synchronous behaviour
Healthy parental interactions

Question 28

Secure attachment long term social abilities…

Answer 28

Social competence
Social adjustment + self efficacy
Social desirability
Dating competence

Question 29

Oxytocin

Answer 29

A chemical messenger released in the brain in response to social contact, particularly pronounced with skin-skin contact

Question 30

Permanent effects of oxytocin

Answer 30

Permanent organisation of the stress handling portion of the baby’s brain promoting lasting attachment characteristics in the adolescent and adult

Question 31

Oxytocin in securely attached mothers

Answer 31

Greater activation of brain reward regions, including oxytocin associated region

Question 32

Reality of attachment on development

Answer 32

Children’s development can be better predicted from the combination of their early attachment status and quality of subsequent parenting

Question 33

Scaffolding

Answer 33

Adults structure and simplify the child’s environment in order to facilitate learning

Question 34

Infants begin to respond to adults with new and extensive expressions around..

Answer 34

6 weeks
- more mutual eye contact
- social smiling

Question 35

Mutual interactions begin at.. **

Answer 35

5 months (e.g. lifting arms to be picked up)
9 months to initiate this interaction *

Question 36

Dyadic interactions **

Answer 36

Subject-subject -> Birth
Subject-object -> 4 months

Question 37

Triadic interactions **

Answer 37

Occurs towards end of first year

Use of gestures to intentionally communicate
Production occurs just before comprehension of communicative gestures

Question 38

Ostensive gestures **

Answer 38

8/9 months
Giving or showing objects
Distal pointing

Question 39

Functions of ostensive gestures and distal pointing **

Answer 39

Imperative (asking for help)
Declarative (drawing others attention)
Interrogative (asks a question)

Informative (report to other)
Phatic (keeping the communication channel open)

Question 40

When do infants clearly start to recognise themselves in the rouge test

Answer 40

20-24 months (after withdrawal)

Question 41

Lewis & Brooks-Gunn suggested age of self awareness

Answer 41

15-24 months

Question 42

Initial unfolding of smiles

Answer 42

During REM sleep - social at 6 weeks

Question 43

Imprinting hours

Answer 43

12-17hours after hatching