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ESL 8110 - Language & Society > TEXT: Intro to SL Glossary 2 (E-J) > Flashcards

TEXT: Intro to SL Glossary 2 (E-J) Flashcards

1
Q

Ebonics

A

a term for the variety of English which sociolinguists call AAVE; although the term has not been widely adopted by academics, it is a commonly used term in US society

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2
Q

elaborated code

A

a term used to refer to a variety of language which is used in more formal situations, characterized in part by not being reliant on extralinguistic context to derive meaning

Compare with restricted code

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3
Q

elite bilingualism

A

bilingualism which is considered to be socially advantageous, usually involving high-status speakers and prestigious languages

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4
Q

elite closure

A

a situation in which language policy and the patterns of language use by elite members of society effectively prevent non-elites from access to the linguistic resources they need to gain social, cultural, and economic capital

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5
Q

endangered languages

A

languages which are in danger of not being spoken anymore due to an aging population of speakers and language shift among younger members of the speech community

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6
Q

ends

A

in ethnography of communication research, the term used to refer to the expected outcome and goals of a particular communicative event

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7
Q

enregisterment

A

the process through which linguistic forms are linked with specific varieties

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8
Q

entextualization

A

taking discourse from one context and circulating it as a bounded entity

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9
Q

epistemological factors

A

discussed in language policy and planning research as factors which have to do with the paradigms of knowledge and social theories which are applied in different phases of the development of this field of study

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10
Q

essentialist, essentialism

A

the view that a single identity category (e.g., ‘African American’ or ‘woman’) is synonymous with a pre-existing, homogenous group, regardless of context

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11
Q

ethical proposition

A

a term used in pragmatics to describe a proposition which is used to create a value statement

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12
Q

ethnic dialects / ethnolects

A

dialects associated with particular ethnic groups

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13
Q

ethnography, ethnographic

A

an approach to research which is an attempt to describe a culture and its practices from an insider’s point of view

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14
Q

ethnolinguistic vitality

A

the potential of a minority language (often one associated with a particular ethnic group) to be maintained

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15
Q

ethnomethodology

A

an approach to the study of how people organize and understand the social world around them, focusing on the phenomena of everyday activities

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16
Q

ethnonational, ethnonational ideology

A

the view of national belonging as based on ethnic and racial categorization

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17
Q

expanding circle

A

the outermost circle of English, in which speakers learn English as a foreign language and the language plays an increasing role in the economic development of the country

Compare with inner circle and outer circle

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18
Q

externally motivated language change

A

language change which is motivated by contact with other codes

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19
Q

face

A

a person’s positive self-image

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20
Q

face-threatening act

A

a speech act which can potentially damage the face of the speaker or addressee

See positive face and negative face

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21
Q

face work

A

the linguistic efforts made to maintain the face of the speaker or addressee

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22
Q

family-tree account of language change

A

a conception of language development as being similar to human genealogy, with a mother language and the languages which develop from it being considered sisters

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23
Q

feedback (as part of classroom exchange patterns)

A

the final part of a three-part exchange in which the instructor comments on the response given by a student

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24
Q

felicity conditions

A

a term from speech act theory that describes the situation necessary for a particular speech act to be successfully performed

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25
Q

floor management

A

used in discourse analysis to refer to how turns are organized in conversation

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26
Q

focal area

A

in dialect studies, an area which is the source of innovation, usually also economic and cultural centers in a region

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27
Q

focus particle

A

a linguistic element that serves to indicate what the important information is in an utterance

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28
Q

fossilization

A

in second language acquisition, incomplete acquisition of particular aspects of speech which become fixed in a speaker’s interlanguage

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29
Q

free variation

A

variation in pronunciation which does not change the meaning of the word; considered rare in SL, as variants often have different social meanings even if they share denotative meaning

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30
Q

fricatives

A

sounds made by forcing air through a restricted area of the vocal tract (e.g., /s/ or /f/ in English

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31
Q

gender

A

a socially constructed aspect of identity, linked to ideas about biological sex categories but often discussed in terms of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’ (as opposed to male and female)

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32
Q

gender exclusive language

A

linguistic features which are used only by members of one gender group or another

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33
Q

gender preferential language

A

linguistic features which are associated with the way in which members of a particular gender group speak

34
Q

gender variation

A

differences in linguistic performance between different gender groups

35
Q

General American

A

a term used to refer to a variety of English spoken in North America that is considered ‘mainstream’, without strong regional features

36
Q

generic pronoun

A

a pronoun which does not indicate gender; e.g., English ‘one’

37
Q

genre

A

a variety of language which evokes a particular speech event of function; this term/concept is also part of the ethnography of communication research paradigm

38
Q

glocal, glocalization

A

developments in language and culture which involve a mixture of global and local influences

39
Q

glottal stop

A

a sound produced when air flow is restricted by the glottis closing, as in ‘uh-oh’ in English; in some dialects, and allophone of /t/

40
Q

gradient stratification

A

when the linguistic distinctions between groups is a step-like progression; usually assumed to be typical of phonological variation

Compare with sharp stratification

41
Q

gradualist model, gradualism

A

the idea in the study of pidgin and creole languages that the elaboration of a pidgin happens over several generations, and not necessarily as the result of nativization

42
Q

grammar

A

the structure of a language, including its sound system, word order, word formation rules

See also prescriptive and descriptive

43
Q

grammatical judgements

A

the opinions of speakers of a language about whether a particular construction is acceptable in their language

44
Q

graphization

A

the development and modification of of writing systems

45
Q

group identity

A

the construction of group boundaries and membership

Compare with social identity and collective identity

46
Q

habitual be

A

the use of the verb form ‘be’ to indicated repeated and habitual action

47
Q

hegemony, hegemonic ideologies

A

ideologies which are dominant due to consensus, including the complicity of people for whom the ideologies are not beneficial; although competing ideologies are possible, they must refer to the hegemonic ideology

48
Q

heritage language, heritage speakers

A

a term used to refer to a language which is, or has been, spoken by an individual’s family; it does not imply any particular level of proficiency in the language, but an association with the language through identification with a cultural group that speaks it

49
Q

heteronormativity

A

the underlying assumption that heterosexuality is the norm for all people

50
Q

heterosexist

A

ideologies or attitudes which assume and privilege heterosexuality and heterosexuals

51
Q

historical linguistics

A

a branch of linguistics which looks at the development of languages over time

52
Q

homosocial

A

preferring the company of other people who share your gender

53
Q

hot nationalism

A

see nationalism

54
Q

hybrid, hybridity, hybridization

A

languages, cultures, identities, and so on; involves the inherent assumption of the essentialist nature of these original entities

55
Q

hypercorrection

A

the use of linguistic forms which overshoot a target which is considered ‘correct’, producing forms which do not appear in the standard; can be used to refer to using a particular variant more frequently than speakers of the variety one is trying to emulate

56
Q

icon

A

a symbol which resembles that which it represents

Compare with arbitrary and index

57
Q

identity

A

in SL, this term is used to mean a socially constructed affiliation with particular social categories which is shifting, multiple, and dialogical

58
Q

ideology

A

a societal system of ideas and values which underlies cultural behaviors

59
Q

illocutionary act

A

a term used in speech act theory to refer to an act performed by making an utterance

60
Q

illocutionary force

A

the intended effect of an illocutionary act

61
Q

imagined community

A

used to talk about the nation; members of this community do not know all of their fellow members, but they have ideas about their traits

62
Q

immersion

A

a method for teaching a second or foreign language which involves exposure to the target language without use of the learner’s first language

63
Q

immigrant bilingualism

A

the bilingualism which arises due to migration of individuals and groups from one language area to another; often stigmatized

Compare with elite bilingualism

64
Q

implicature

A

the term from Gricean pragmatics used to refer to the implied meaning of an utterance

65
Q

implicit association test

A

an experimental method for testing associations and thus (language) attitudes

66
Q

implicit meaning

A

meaning which is not stated explicitly, but which is implied or must be derived from shared knowledge

67
Q

independent variable

A

See under variable

68
Q

index, indexicality

A

the association of a code or linguistic form with a particular social meaning; an index ‘points to’ a particular social category, stance, etc

69
Q

indicator

A

a linguistic feature of a particular variety which is not salient to speakers of that language but can studied through systematic observation

70
Q

indirect speech act

A

a speech act that has as its intended meaning an implicature, not the literal meaning of the utterance

71
Q

informant

A

a term used to refer to speakers of language or dialects who provide linguists with data about their variety; the currently preferred term is ‘consultant’

72
Q

initiation (as part of classroom exchange patterns)

A

to elicit a response from the students

73
Q

inner circle

A

in the study of World Englishes, the term used to describe the areas in which English is used in most spheres for the majority of the population

Compare with outer circle and expanding circle

74
Q

instrumental program

A

a type of program in primary and secondary education which uses the minority home language of the pupils in instruction

Compare with accommodation program

75
Q

interactional SL

A

an approach to discourse analysis which incorporates the analysis of conversations with attention to broader macro-societal norms, values, and ideologies

76
Q

interdiscursivity

A

the incorporation of linguistic material that carries specific meanings or connotations from one Discourse or context into another

77
Q

interlanguage

A

term used to refer to the developing grammar of a second/foreign language learner

78
Q

internally motivated language change

A

a view of language change as being motivated by processes which rely on the structures within the language

Compare with externally motivated language change

79
Q

intersectional, intersectionality

A

the concept that aspects of identity such as gender, ethnicity or social class (among others) are not independent of each other, or the perspective on identity as including these intertwined aspects

80
Q

intertextuality

A

the relationship between texts, where meanings created in one are carried over into another

81
Q

isogloss

A

a line which marks the distinction between the use of one variant and another for a particular linguistic feature

82
Q

judgement sample

A

See under sample

ESL 8110 - Language & Society (4 decks)

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