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ESL 8110 - Language & Society > TEXT: Intro to SL Glossary 3 > Flashcards

TEXT: Intro to SL Glossary 3 Flashcards

1
Q

language attitudes

A

the beliefs and feelings individuals have about particular ways of using language

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2
Q

language documentation

A

work done by linguists to make records (e.g., grammar, dictionaries) about languages, especially endangered languages

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3
Q

language gap

A

the idea that children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds have less linguistic input and this contributes to poorer school performance; refuted by sociolinguists

See opportunity gap

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4
Q

language ideologies

A

ideas about language with regard to society; often unconscious ideas about the values of certain ways of speaking

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5
Q

language maintenance

A

the continued use of a minority language

Compare with language shift

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6
Q

language planning

A

efforts to develop a language, or its use, in a particular direction

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7
Q

language policy

A

legal efforts (making policies or laws) intended to support language planning

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8
Q

language shift

A

when speakers cease to use a minority language and instead adopt the majority language for ingroup use

Compare with language maintenance

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9
Q

language socialization

A

the process of becoming an active, competent participant in a particular cultural group, viewed as taking place through language practices

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10
Q

level of significance

A

a term used in statistical analyses to indicate the probability that the relationship between the variables being analyzed could occur by chance

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11
Q

leveling

A

the elimination of differences between varieties over time; may lead to the formation of a new, uniform variety

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12
Q

lexical diffusion

A

a term used to refer to how sound change spreads through the words in a language

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13
Q

lexifier language

A

the language which contributes most of the lexicon in the development of a pidgin or creole language and not the native language of any of the speakers

See also superstrate

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14
Q

LGBTQ

A

stands for ‘lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning’; used as an inclusive term which also recognizes diversity

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15
Q

life cycle model

A

a model of pidgin and creole formation which relies on the idea that a pidgin becomes a creole when it is spoken to children and becomes their native language; through nativization elaboration ensues

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16
Q

lifestyle

A

sets of practices which separate individuals into different hierarchically organized groups

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17
Q

Limited English Proficiency (LEP)

A

a term used in the US public school system to refer to learners of English

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18
Q

lingua franca

A

a common language used to communicate in situations in which speakers of different languages interact

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19
Q

linguistic anthropology

A

the sub-field of anthropology which deals with language as social behavior; overlaps with SL

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20
Q

linguistic constraints (on variation)

A

the linguistic context which conditions the use of particular variants

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21
Q

linguistic ethnography

A

an approach in which ethnography is used to complement an analysis of specific linguistic practices, incorporating microanalyses of conversations with the study of cultural norms and ideologies

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22
Q

linguistic inequality

A

a situation in which languages have varying levels of social value, and this leads to inequality among different linguistic groups

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23
Q

linguistic landscapes

A

the visual display of languages through signs, billboards, advertisements, graffiti, and so on

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24
Q

linguistic marketplace

A

the context in which particular ways of speaking take on different symbolic values

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25
Q

linguistic universals

A

aspects of language which can be found in all languages

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26
Q

linguistic variable

A

See variable

27
Q

linguistic variation

A

a term used to describe the different linguistic forms which can be used to express the same denotational meaning (which generally have different social meanings)

See also variant

28
Q

locution

A

a meaningful utterance

29
Q

loose social network

A

a social network in which the people who have ties to ego do not have ties to each other

Compare with dense social network

30
Q

macrolinguistic studies

A

studies in SL which are ‘macro’ both in the sense that they analyze large amounts of data and that they focus on societal issues

31
Q

macro-sociolinguistics

A

the part of SL that addresses larger societal patterns of language use (e.g., language attitudes, etc)

Compare with micro-sociolinguistics

32
Q

macro-sociopolitical factors

A

one of the three types of factors looked at in language policy and planning research, having to with social and political developments on a state or national level

33
Q

marker

A

a linguistic feature that carries social meaning which is apparent to speakers

Compare with indicators and stereotypes

34
Q

matched guise

A

a method to study language attitudes; research participants are asked to judge speakers of different languages, based on a recording of their voices, for a variety of characteristics; unbeknownst to them, the same speaker is given to them in different ‘guises’ (i.e., soeaking two different codes)

35
Q

membership categorization devices

A

aspects of language which allow us to assign people and things into particular social categories

36
Q

mesolect

A

term used to describe the variety of a creole language that is in the mid-range on the continuum between the superstrate and the variety furthest from the superstrate

Compare with basilect and acrolect

37
Q

metaphorical codeswitching

A

the use of a code as a means to symbolically redefine the interaction

Compare with situational codeswitching

38
Q

metrolingual

A

the use of multiple languages in ways that do not assume an index of a variety and a particular social group

39
Q

microlinguistic studies

A

studies about specific linguistic features used by particular speakers or groups and their social meanings

Compare with macrolinguistic studies

40
Q

micro-sociolinguistics

A

the part of SL that addresses the relationship between the use of specific varieties or linguistic features and social structure and categories

Compare with macro-sociolinguistics

41
Q

minimal pairs

A

two words with different meanings but which differ in only one sound, indicating that this particular sound is a phoneme in the language: for instance ‘pen’ and ‘pin’ in many dialects of English

42
Q

mixed language

A

term used to refer to a type of contact language which is a combination of two languages: the grammar is mostly from one language and the lexicon mostly from the other (although there are variations on, and exceptions to, this general pattern)

43
Q

monogenetic, monogenesis

A

the idea that creole languages all share a single, common origin

44
Q

monoglossic ideology

A

the idea that languages are distinct entities and should be kept strictly separate in their use

45
Q

monophthongization

A

the pronunciation of a diphthong (a sound including two vowels in one syllable) as a single vowel sound

46
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest grammatical unit which can be assigned semantic meaning

47
Q

morphophonemic variation

A

changes in the phonological forms of a morpheme in different linguistic contexts

48
Q

muda (singular), mudes (plural)

A

a term used to describe when a language user changes their linguistic repertoire and identification as a user of a particular language

49
Q

multilingual, multilingualism

A

a person able to speak more than one language, or the situation in which speakers can and do speak more than one language

50
Q

multilingual discourse

A

the use of linguistic elements from more than one variety in a conversation or text

51
Q

multiple negation

A

the use of more than one negative particle to indicate negation; in English, this is nonstandard, but it is part of standard grammar in other languages (e.g., French and Spanish)

52
Q

multiplex social network

A

a social network in which each tie represents several different types of relationships, for example, a relative is also a colleague and a neighbor

53
Q

mutability of style

A

the idea that the social meaning of a particular style of variant is not fixed but emerges in the discourse

54
Q

mutual intelligibility

A

capability of being understood by both sides; used to discuss different languages or dialects and whether the speakers can understand each other

55
Q

nationalism

A

feeling of loyalty to a nation

56
Q

hot nationalism

A

actions motivated by nationalism

57
Q

banal nationalism

A

everyday displays of nationalism

58
Q

native speakerism

A

the privileging of so-called native speakers the only true owners and arbitrators of a language

59
Q

negative face

A

a term from politeness theory which refers to an individual’s desire to not be imposed upon by others

Compare with positive face

60
Q

negative politeness

A

a term from politeness theory which refers to the linguistic strategies used by speakers to not threaten the negative face of others

See face-threatening acts and negative face

61
Q

neo-colonial

A

pertaining to the use of a combination of globalization, capitalist enterprise, and cultural imperialism by one country to exert influence over another; draws a parallel to colonialism in which influence is gained through direct military or political dominance

62
Q

neoliberal

A

a form of liberalism which favors free market capitalism

63
Q

Newscaster English

A

one term used to refer to what is considered a standard dialect of North American English

64
Q
A

ESL 8110 - Language & Society (4 decks)

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