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part 1a > SESD > Flashcards

SESD Flashcards

1
Q

how do we track the progression of the Anthropocene

CITE

A

Atmospheric CO2 concentration - the single indicator

(steffen et al, 2007)

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2
Q

what is
* the pre industrial,
* 1950
* current level

of atmospheric CO2
and cite

A

270-275 ppm
310 ppm
380 ppm

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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3
Q

what are the 3 phases of the Anthropocene

and cite

A
  • Industrial era (1800-1945)
  • Great Acceleration (1945 - ca. 2015)
  • Stewards of the Earth System (2015-?)

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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4
Q

3 broad philosophical approaches to deal with changing environment.

and cite

A
  • business as usual
  • mitigation
  • geo engineering

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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5
Q

What does Stewards of the Earth system mean?

and cite

A

third stage of the Anthropocene where human activities are recognised as affecting the structure and functioning of the Earth system as a whole

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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6
Q

what has aided the growing awareness of human influence on the Earth system

and cite!

A
  • rapid advances in resource and understanding - most innovative is interdisciplinary work on human environment systems
  • enormous power of the internet as a global, self organising info system
  • spread of more free and open societies supporting independent media
  • growth of democratic systems narrowing scope of arbitrary state power and strengthening role of civil society

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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7
Q

what assumptions do we have in the business as usual approach of the Anthropocene

and cite

A
  • global change will not be severe or rapid enough to cause major disruptions to the global economic system or other important aspects like human health
  • the existing market system can deal autonomously with any adaptations required.
  • resources required to mitigate global change proactibely would be better spent on more pressing human needs

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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8
Q

example given in of existing economic system dealing with environmental issues

and cite

A
  • as socieites have become wealthier, they have dealt effectively with some local and regional pollution problems.
  • clean up of major european rivers
  • amelioration of acid rain problem in W. Europe and eastern N. America

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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9
Q

Considerable risk of business as usual approach

and cite

A
  • there is a mismatch in time scales between human decision making/economy and the Earth system
  • when humans realise a business as usual approach may not work - the world is already committed to further decades, even centuries, of environmental change

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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10
Q

example of time mis match between Earth system and human decisions/economy

A

stability of cryosphere
* warming is projected to be twice as large in polar regions enhancing ice sheet instability and glacial melting.
* irreverisdble threshold may in decades be crossed, leading to loss of Grenland ice sheet over centuries or a millenium - thus 5m sea level rise

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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11
Q

outline the mitigation approach

and cite

A
  • attempts to take human pressure off the Earth system by vastly improved technology and management, wise use of resources, control of human and domestic animal population, careful use and restoration of natural environment
  • ultimate goal is to reduce human modification of global environment to avoid dangerous levels and rates of change - allow Earth System to function in a pre Anthropocene way

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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12
Q

how is technology used in the mitigation approach

and cite

A
  • rapid advances in transport, energy, agriculture and other sectors have led to a trend of dematerialisation in several advanced econs
  • amount and value of econ activity grow while physical material flowing through econ does not

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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13
Q

further technological opportunities - Mitigation approach

and cite

A
  • worldwide energy use is only 0.05% of solar radiation reaching continents
  • human appropiation of NPP is around 10%
  • new energy generation - solar, thermal, photovoltaic, nuclear, wind, biofules etc

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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14
Q

why might improved tech not be enough in the mitigation approach

and cite

A
  • changes in societal values and individual behaviour will likely be necessary
  • Great Acceleration has considerable momentum and intensifying.

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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15
Q

Outline the geo engineering approach

and cite

A
  • severity of climate change may force societies to drastic action
  • purposeful manipulation by humans of global scale Earth system processes with the intention of counteracting anthropogenically driven environmental change

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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16
Q

2 Example of geo engineering given in (Steffen et al, 2007)

A
  • artificially enhance Earth;s albedo by releasing sunlight reflective material, like sulphate particles, into stratosphere which would then settle in troposphere
  • particles would be produced through oxidation like after volcanic eruptions
  • ** geosequestration ** of CO2 into underground reservoirs - would also reduce ocean acidification
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17
Q

What reduction in emissions is needed to stabilise concentration of atmospheric CO2

and cite

A

60%

(Steffen et al, 2007)

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18
Q

what does IGBP stand for

A

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme

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19
Q

What does IPBES stand for

A

Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

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20
Q

how many SDGs are there

A

17

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21
Q

what report says what about the decline ecosystem services?

and cite

A

they have continued to decline globally since 1970

IPBES

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22
Q

(United Nations, 2021) report says what about the SDGs

A

World has deviated off its track to achieve the goals by 2030 due to range of health, economic and social imacts of Covid 19.

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23
Q

How has geography changed during the Anthropocene ?

and cite

A

Moved from merely a collection and description of knowledge to understanding of coupled patterns and processes and the simulation and prediction of complex human and earth systems that now provides support for decision making.

(Fu et al, 2021)

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24
Q

LSS framework and cite

A

Landscape Sustainability Science

  • guides on how to improve capacity of a landscape and provide landscape specific ecosystem services crucial for SD.

(Wu, 2013)

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25
Q

3 Frameworks discussed to promote Geography for sustainability at where

cite all

A
  • Landscape Sustainability science - (Wu, 2013)
  • Metacoupling (Liu, 2017)
  • Pattern-Process-Service-Sustainability (Fu and Wei, 2018)

at the International Geography and Sustainability Workshop 2021

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26
Q

Outline the PPSS framework
and cite!

A
  • Relationship between land use and ecological processes help us understand mechanisms of ecosystem services and resoure utilisation
  • key is balancing nature supplies with human demand at the individual/community level - securing human well being and promoting SDGs
  • we develop models and dynamic prediction to achieve this

(Fu and Wei, 2018)

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27
Q

4 Key elements for promoting sustainability

and cite!

A
  • agricultural development
  • disasters and risk monitoring and regulation
  • climate change mitigation
  • achieving the SDGs

(Fu et al, 2021)

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28
Q

4 core higher level facts about land systems

and cite!

A
  • 1 - meanings and values of land are socially constructed and contested
  • 2 - Land systems exhibit complex behaviours with abrupt, hard to predict changes
  • 6 - humanity lives on a used planet where all land provides benefits to societies
  • 10 - land users have multiple, somtimes conflicting, ideas of what social and environmental justice entails.

(Mayfroidt et al, 2022)

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29
Q

Fact 1 - Land is a source and focus of Multiple meaning and values

outline the meaning of this

and cite!!

A
  • while being a biophysical reality, land is also humanity’s home
  • notions of land being valued and useful are social constructions from diverse, changing, beliefs
  • notions of degredation and restoration are up to interpretation:
  • shifting cultivation and use of fire in vegetation management - traditional land use practices viewed by some as backward.
  • estimates of land degradation range from 10-60 Mkm2

(Mayfroidt et al, 2022)

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30
Q

3 cosmovisions of the global

and cite!

A
  • African - ubuntu
  • Buddhist - Gross National Happiness
  • Native American - Buen Vivir

(Van Norren, 2020)

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31
Q

what are the problems with SDGs
and cite

A
  • embody linear growth/results thinking which requires unlimited resource exploitation - dont think about replacing growth with well being
  • represent individualism and exclude private sector responsibility
  • dont represent collective agency - they imply development as a service
    (Van Norren, 2020)
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32
Q

what could be changed in the name SDG

and cite!

A
  • abolish development and replace with inter-relationship
  • replace goals with process thinking
  • replace sustainability with thinking in cyclical nature and earth governance

(van norren 2020)

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32
Q

3 ways of viewing nature

A
  • intrinsic essence of something - ie natural
  • inherent force - ie Mother Nature
  • external world - something other
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33
Q

brief outline how nature was viewed through time - Card not complete skip

A
  • enlightenment - **nature is separate, **can be observed through scientific methods
  • 1960s-80s -** nature is a limit to growth.** it is a fixed stock, population cannot grow too much
  • nature influence
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34
Q

how have policy goals changed broadly

A

moved from efficiency to justice

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35
Q

what are the 4 types of ecosystem services

and cite

A

supporting
regulating
cultural
provisioning

(Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)

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36
Q

why are ecosystem services called instrumental

and cite

A

we use them as humans, even if not materially

(Millenium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)

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37
Q

overall, what do the frameworks like coupling actually mean

A

expanding on ecosystem services but coupled with time, space, scales

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38
Q

what is telecoupling and cite

A

how actions in some place will affect other side of the world

like what happens in the amazon will affect the Uk

(IPBES, 2016)

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39
Q

what does NCP stand for

and cite

A

natures contribution to people

(IPBES, 2018)

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40
Q

what does it mean to positivist

A

there is an objective truth that can be discovered

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41
Q

are ecosystem services positivist ?

A

yes

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42
Q

what are the 5 types of capital

and cite!

A

natural, human, social, manufactured and financial

(porritt, 2005)

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43
Q

what does the capital assets framework put forward

and cite

A

natural capital is a stock resource that we need for wealth and thus well being

(Porritt, 2005)

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44
Q

what is a problem with the capital assets framework

A

it assumes substitution, you can replace natural capital with produced capital

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45
Q

what is earths overshoot day mean

A

the date when humanity demand for ecological resources in a given year exceeds what the earth can regenerate in a that year

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46
Q

why were countries like the UK largely able to handle SO2, NO2, toxic waste

A

we knew the amount of safe amount within our own jurisdictions

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47
Q

outline the planetary boundaries aim

and cite

A

aims to define a safe operating space for human society to develop and thrive, based on our unederstanding of the functioning and resilience of the earth system

(rockstrom et al, 2009)

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48
Q

what is eco anxiety

A

the chronic fear of environmental cataclysm that comes from observing the seemingly irrevocable impact of climate change

49
Q

what are systems

A

components that are linked together through different couplings

50
Q

outline the positive feedback around fires

A

deforestation
>
fires
>
droughts

51
Q

what is homeostasis

A

tendency to revert a system to a stable equilibrium

52
Q

define sustainability

A

the capacity for a system to maintain output at a level approximately equal or greater to its historical average

53
Q

why is sustainable development normative

A

it is something we should do

we view it as generational, and bringing justice and value to future generational

54
Q

how do economists measure well being

A

by stocks - capital assets

its the source of our wellbeing

55
Q

define human capital

and cite!

A

the quantity and quality of the human population

(Porritt, 2005)

56
Q

define manufactured capital

and cite

A

the quantity and quality of physical stock that is created by humans to provide goods and services

(traditional view of capital)

(Porritt, 2005)

57
Q

define knowledge capital

and cite!

A

includes collective public awareness of how and why things are as they are and how to fulfill human purposes in a reproducible way

(Porritt, 2005)

58
Q

what is social capital

and cite

A

norms and institutions that emerges from interactions between people, organisations or the market

(Porritt, 2005)

59
Q

define natural capital

and cite

A

quality and quantity of environmentally provided assets that provide a flow of useful goods and services

(Porritt, 2005)

60
Q

what is assimilative capacity

A

the ability of the environment to absorb, detoxify and disperse wastes to make them less harmful

61
Q

outline the 4 steps of the daly triangle

A

ultimate means - natural capital

intermediate means - built and human capital

intermediate ends - human and social capital

ultimate ends - well being

62
Q

what does it mean to be interpretist

A

knowledges are socially constructed

63
Q

give an example of relational well being … showing income is not best way to measure well being

A

people on the same salaries but one with wealthy and one with poor friends. the one with poor friends feels happeir

64
Q

outline what natures contribution to people says

A

we all experience the world differently, so nature gives different well being to different people

65
Q

give an example of the tradeoff from afforestation

A

local communities are using this land for food
but eucalyptus trees are being planted in keyna

66
Q

key critiques of the term sustainabile development

A

lack of consensus

lack of self reflection

no clear theoretical framework

a truism

an oxymoron

67
Q

3 alternatives to growth based Neo classical models

A

degrowth
donut Econ
gendered approaches

68
Q

what 3 components should sustainable development frameworks be based around

A

efficiency, sustainability, equity

69
Q

equity define

A

recognising that each person has different circumstances and allocates the exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome.

70
Q

what 3 things are externalities

A

silent
invisible
mobile

71
Q

what are public goods

A

non excludable and non rivalrous.

72
Q

what did Elinor ostrom argue

A

in the commons, we have norms and institutions in our communities

so commons are not open access, but at the community are used efficiency

73
Q

what is the accounting/shadow price

A

the price that we should be paying, acounting for externalities

74
Q

donut economics and degrowrth both argue…?

A

both question the idea that well-being should be associated with GDP

this doesn’t reflect natural capital dimensions, or even if people are having well being

75
Q

what does donut economics broadly lay out

A

it puts human wellbeing at the core, and puts it within the planetary boundaries

76
Q

what does it mean if we are in the donut hole (raworth)

A

we are not meeting our essentials of life. food, water, healthcare, education etc are not being met

77
Q

where are the world currently within the donut

according to Kate raworth?

A

both in the hole and beyond 6 boundaries!

78
Q

Which is the only country nearly meeting the donut (Raworth)

A

Costa rica

79
Q

why do countries sit beyond the donut

A

over consumption

80
Q

what are the stages of our degenerative economies

A

take
make
use
lose

81
Q

why does Kate raworth think we can’t be sustainable

A

we are too far gone, we need to be regenerative

82
Q

what does Kate raworth think should change to inequality

A

economies shouldn’t just be inclusive, they need to be distributive

83
Q

give examples of distributive economy

A

employees get a living wage + ownership of companies, profit shares etc

84
Q

2 words we can use to describe current business practices (raworth)

A

divisive and degenerative

85
Q

Kate raworth - 5 traits which make a company

A

purpose
network (how do you view others in the industry)
governance
ownership
finance

86
Q

what is capital to marx

A

difference between value of product of labour and price paid to workers to persuade them to work

87
Q

example of a company with a purpose

A

tonys chocolony - 100% slave free chocolate purpose

88
Q

outline what Hayek said In 1944

A

It is impossible to attribute value to all the resources in society
therefore the government cannot centrally plan it, and this also starts a slippery slope to authoritarianism

89
Q

what does the world bank do

A

development bank for infrastructure to countries

90
Q

what is the IMF

A

lender of last resort, but lends on conditions of Washington consensus SAP

91
Q

list the 3 steps to making natures value visible (mainstream way of internalising externalities)

A

recognise value - in ecosystems, landscapes, biodversity

demonstrate value - to decision makers in economic terms

capture value -n through mechanisms to incorporate natural values in decision making

92
Q

what is re regulation

A

rather than deregulation
regulations to transform environmental problems to market like solutions

innovation of private and voluntary forms of governance

93
Q

how effective was the clean air act of 1990 (USA)

A

50% reduction in pollutants 1990-2020 according to the EPA

94
Q

what was the clean air act of 1990

A

this allowed companies to trade pollution permits
sets a national allowance which will decrease over time

95
Q

give an example of the value of ecosystem services changing

A

bats were used for pest control in the southern US cotton fields

but then since the 1990s cotton has been GM to be insect repellent

this meant value of bat service fell by 80%

96
Q

what does CSR stand for

A

corporate social responsibility

97
Q

example of civil society driving CSR

A

Greenpeace protested using organutan costumes outside nestles

rose awareness of nestles use of palm oil

98
Q

2 capitalism contradictions regarding sustainability

A

capital accumulates beyond demand, requiring constant growth to stave off over production

continual growth depends on finite nature and resources, which become ever more scarce

99
Q

3 critiques of neoliberal sustainability

A
  1. problems with our relationship with nature - it turns nation into a commodity, and creates sites of capital accumulation largely for elites
  2. focuses on the instrumental value of nature rather than other values - intrinsic
  3. risks entrenching market perspectives at the expense of nature.
100
Q

what is environmental justice

A

Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, colour, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

101
Q

what are the three components of justice

A

procedural
recognitional
distributional

102
Q

what is procedural justice

A

fair representation in decision making processes

103
Q

what is recognition jsutice

A

the right to live in alignment with ones values and identities

104
Q

what is distributional justice

A

fair allocation of resources, costs and benefits

105
Q

why is it important to understand women’s role in sustainable development

A
  • they have greater reliance on natural resources, due to weaker material rights and disproportionate care responsibilities
  • they are also systematically paid less or completely unpaid and lack access to development rights
106
Q

give an example of patriarchal sustainable development

A

women were using common wetlands in the Gambia for agriculture and fibres.

this was then privatised for rice farming (in order to “modernise and reduce degredation”) and given to men

107
Q

how much of emissions are the poorest half of the world responsible for

A

8%

108
Q

how much of world emissions are caused by the wealthiest 10%

A

50%

109
Q

give 2 examples of environmental racism

A

water in flint Michigan - the white areas were having water treated while the black areas were not, and drinking lead water

in india the Dalits (untouchable caste) has been forced off their land for mining companies

110
Q

what is intersectionality

A

how inequalities caused by gender, race, and class and others are best understood as overlapping and mutually constitutive rather than isolated and distinct.

111
Q

what is governance

A

governance is the set of interventions aimed at changing incentives, knowledge, institutions, decision making and behaviour

112
Q

what is policy

A

a law, regulation, procedure, administrative action, incentive or voluntary

113
Q

why is the scope of public policy in sustainable governance the most expansive?

A

public sector authorities benefit from higher legitimacy through th e social contract between state and society

114
Q

what is adaptive governance

A

allowing for opportunities for continous adjustments in response to feedback loops and can enhance resilience

115
Q

what is anticipatory governance

A

Focuses on foresight, engagement, and integration to build capacities and steering mechanisms that can address future needs.

116
Q

what is polycentric governance

A

is governance that manifests in nested scales and overlapping functions, often supporting institutional diversity

117
Q

list the three types of governance

A

adaptive

anticipatory

polycentric

118
Q

what have been the two shifts in sustainable governance in recent decades?

A

globalisation and increasing decentralisation

119
Q
A

part 1a (9 decks)

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