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Microbiology 101 > Chapter 19 > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 examples of type IV (cell-mediated) reactions?

A

1.poison ivy 2. TB testing

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2
Q

How is HIV diagnosed?

A
  1. Seroconversion 2. ELISA 3. western blot 4. APTIMA(RNA testing) 5. PCR 6. Nucleic acid hybridization
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3
Q

Treatments of HIV?

A
  1. HAART-combination of nuclieotide reverse transcriptase 2. Cell entry inhibitors 3.Integrase inhibitors-prevents provirus from forming
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4
Q

Graft-versus Host disease

A

can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells

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5
Q

cancer cells

A
  1. possess tumor-specific antigens 2. removed by immune surveillance 3. recognized and lysed by Tc cells
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6
Q

4 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A

1.Enzymatic destruction of drug 2. Prevention of penetration of drug 3. Alteration of drug’s target site 4. Rapid ejection of drug

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7
Q

Examples of Immunotherapy

A

1.Tumor necrosis factor-IL-2 and interferons kill cancer cells 2. Immuntotoxins- link poisons with a monoclonal antibody directed at a tumor antigen 3. Vaccines-contain tumor specific antigen

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8
Q

Hypersesitivity

A

Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage. Requires a sensitizing dose

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9
Q

What types of cells are infected by HIV

A

1.CD4 2. Dendritic 3. Macrophages

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10
Q

What are some diseases associated with AIDS

A

1.TB 2. CMV 3. Toxoplasmosis 4. Kaposi’s sarcoma 5.Pneumocystis

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11
Q

Mediators of type I hypersensitivities

A
  1. histamine 2. Leukotrienes 3. Prostaglandins
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12
Q

Explain ABO group blood system

A

Blood types are grouped by the antibodies they produce and antigens present

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13
Q

Explain transplant to privileged site

A

area in which antibodies usually do not circulate ex. cornea transplant

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14
Q

Explain differences between embryonic and adult stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells are not “pre-programmed” and become any type of cell. Adult stem cells may only become what they are pre-programmed to become (ex. blood cells or bone marrow)

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15
Q

Autograft

A

Use of one’s own tissue

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16
Q

Isograft

A

use of an identical twin’s tissue

17
Q

Allograft

A

use of another person’s tissue( not identical twin)

18
Q

xenotransplantation

A

use of non-human tissue( ex. pig valves)

19
Q

List 3 current methods of preventing HIV

A
  1. Use of condoms 2. sterile needles 3. healthcare worker precations
20
Q

3 stages of HIV infection

A
  1. Phase 1- asymptomatic 2. Phase 2- symptomatic; early indications of immune system failure 3. Phase 3 AIDS-CD4 T-cells below 200 cells/mL
21
Q

List routes of HIV Transmission (7)

A
  1. Sexual contact 2. sharing needles 3. Blood transfusions 4. cross-placental 5. Breastmilk 6. Artificial inseminations 7.transplants
22
Q

what is the primary route of HIV transmission?

A

heterosexual sex

23
Q

Immunosupression

A

used to prevent an immune response to transplanted tissue

24
Q

How do some cancer cells evade the immune system?

A

They may lack tumor antigens

25
Q

Congenital Immune deficiencies

A

due to a defective or missing gene; selective IgA

26
Q

Acquired Immune Deficiencies

A

Developed during and individual’s life via drugs, cancers, sex

27
Q

Primary receptor on a host cell where HIV attaches

A

CCR5 or CXCR4

28
Q

Explain Rh (+) or (-) blood system

A

the presence or lack of a surface antigen (ex. Hemolytic disease of newborn, blood transfusions)

29
Q

Desensitization

A

to induce production of IgG(blocking antibodies) rather than IgE

30
Q

Explain Reactions to transplantation

A

transplants maybe attacked by T-cells, macrophages, and complement fixing antibodies

31
Q

Explain HLA Complex

A

Histocompatibility antigens: self antigens of cell surfaces MHC=HLA (ex, MS, Graves disease, Hodgkins)

32
Q

Mechanisms of type IV cell mediated reactions

A
  1. Due to T cell activation by Ag(allergen) 2. Cytokines attract macrophages to initiate tissue damage
33
Q

Mechanisms of type III (Immune complex) reactions

A

IgG and IgM and soluble Ag forms complexes that lodge in basement membranes; activate complement and cause inflammation

34
Q

Cytotoxic Drug induced reactions

A

1.Blood transfusions/blood typing 2. Rhogam shot/Hemolytic disease of newborn 3.Thrombocytopenic Puppura

35
Q

Mechanism of Type II Cytotoxic reactions

A

Involve IgG or IgM antibodies and a complement with an antigenic cell; complement activation causes cell lysis or damage by macrophages

36
Q

Type I(anaphylactic) reactions

A
  1. Localized anaphylaxis-asthma, hay fever 2. Systemic- shock from ingested antigen
37
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Loss of self tolerance

38
Q

What are the types of autoimmune diseases?

A
  1. Cytotoxic 2. Immune complex 3. Cell-mediated

Microbiology 101 (6 decks)

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