Investigating the causes of CVD

Question 1

What is a risk?

Answer 1

Is the probability of an event to take place

Question 2

What is epidemiology?

Answer 2

Study of factors which are linked to certain conditions

Question 3

What is a perceived risk?

Answer 3

Over/Underestimating a calculated risk because of our interest or approval of the activity

Question 4

Who is an epidemiologist?

Answer 4

A scientist who studies the risk factors and carries out research to determine the risk factors for health

Question 5

What is being biased?

Answer 5

When someone is unfair to or against the idea

Question 6

What is evaluating?

Answer 6

Access or judge the quality of a study and the significance of the result

Question 7

How do people perceive risk?

Answer 7

Own experience, peer pressure, inability to access the risk well

Question 8

What are epidemiological studies?

Answer 8

A large sample is random and when investigating one factor the other factors must be controlled

Question 9

What should a study contain?

Answer 9

It should contain different ages and a placebo

Question 10

What is a placebo?

Answer 10

A replica of the drug being tested that is indistinguishable from the real drug yet it
exerts no effects on the patient whatsoever

Question 11

What are the two types of epidemiological studies?

Answer 11

Cohort or case-control

Question 12

What are cohort studies?

Answer 12

It has strong evidence and takes a long period of time where they observe a large number of people however this isn’t good for studying rare diseases

Question 13

What are case-control studies?

Answer 13

It has weak evidence as it is taken fast by investigating a group of people’s past history

Question 14

What happens when studies run for a long time?

Answer 14

Some people might leave the area or die become too ill to participate or no longer want to participate

Question 15

How is the data collected?

Answer 15

Medical records or patient’s recall of data collection

Question 16

Why are questionnaires used to collect data?

Answer 16

Cheap and easy and quick however inaccurate info is usually given or they might not understand the question

Question 17

What are the 2 types of risk factors of CVD?

Answer 17

Modifiable and non-modifiable

Question 18

What are the modifiable risk factors of CVD?

Answer 18

Smoking/ High BP / Diet and obesity / Activity

Question 19

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors of CVD?

Answer 19

Genes/ Age/ Gender

Question 20

How do genes affect CVD?

Answer 20

The tendency to high BP, poor cholesterol, and occurrence of heart attacks

Question 21

What happens as age increases in CVD?

Answer 21

As age increases the risk of CVD increases due to the elasticity of the arteries decreasing

Question 22

How does gender affect CVD?

Answer 22

Males are more prone than females

Question 23

How does diet affect CVD?`

Answer 23

As saturated fat intake increases the risk increases

Question 24

How do high amounts of salt and alcohol affect CVD?

Answer 24

They both increase blood pressure due to them causing a lot of thirst which the water will diffuse through osmosis so the volume of blood increases

Question 25

What is LDLS?

Answer 25

Low-density lipoproteins are saturated fats and low in protein and cholesterol (Bad)

Question 26

What is HDLS?

Answer 26

High-density lipoproteins are unsaturated fats and high in protein and cholesterol (Good)

Question 27

What is the meaning of Causation?

Answer 27

The relationship between 2 variables in one is the direct cause of the other

Question 28

What is the meaning of correlation?

Answer 28

The relationship between 2 variables in which a change in one is reflected in a change in the other one

Question 29

How does the lack of exercise affect the risk of CVD?

Answer 29

As the lack of exercise increases the LDL levels increase causing obesity due to the formation of plaque

Question 30

What are the obesity indicators?

Answer 30

BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, Skin foldings

Question 31

What can hypertension do?

Answer 31

It damages the heart and the endothelial layer which causes the accumulation of WBC and the formation of plaque then the cells become deprived of O2 therefore the risk of strokes increases

Question 32

What can smoking cause?

Answer 32

It damages the lining of arteries and increases the heart rate while decreasing the blood flow from the heart and the amount of O2 that reaches the body deacreases