head and neck

Question 1

Acute complication of head and neck radiation

Answer 1

Acute mucositisDysphagiaDermatitisThickened saliva

Question 2

Late complication of head and neck radiotherapy

Answer 2

Soft tissue fibrosisCartilage necrosisDysphagiaSwallowing difficultyXerostomiaDental complicationHypothyroidisimOsteoradionecrosisAcceleration of atherosclerosis.

Question 3

Risk factors for hypopharyngeal caancer

Answer 3

Risk factors:- Cigarette- Alcohol- Occupational exposure to coal dust, steel dust, iron compound, and fumes- HPV infection- Increased risk of post cricoid cancers in patients with plummer vinson syndrome, characterizedby iron deficiency anemia, hypopharyngeal web, weight loss and dysphagia etc

Question 4

Oral cavity cancer histopathology

Answer 4

90% of tumors are squamous cell carcinoma. Less com- mon tumors include minor salivary gland cancers (com- mon in the hard palate and include adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenocarci- noma). Rare: lymphoma, melanoma, sarcoma, and ame- loblastoma/ameloblastic carcinoma.

Question 5

Prognostic factor for oral cavity cancer

Answer 5

Prognostic factor:
- TNM stage
- DOI
- Margin status
- LVSI, PNI
- Performance score

Question 6

Oral cavity T stage

Answer 6

T4a (Lip) Tumour invades through
1. cortical bone,
2. inferior alveolar nerve,
3. floor of mouth,
4. or skin (of the chin or the nose)
•T4a (Oral cavity) Tumour invades through
1. Cortical bone of mandible or
2. maxillary sinus, or
3. skin of the face
T4b (Lip and oral cavity) Tumour invades
1. Masticator space
2. pterygoid plates, or
3. skull base, or
4. encases internal carotid artery