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y2 brs (haroop) > Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of psycho treatment?

A

Chemical
Electrical Stimulation
Structural rearrangement
Talking therapies

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2
Q

What are the examples of enzyme-targeting drugs?

A
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)  Anxiety and depression
  • Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors  Dementia (Cholinergic deficiency)
  • Lithium  Inhibits glycogen synthase kinase for mood stability.
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3
Q

What are monoamine oxidase inhibitors used for?

A

Anxiety and depression

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4
Q

What are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used for?

A

Dementia (cholingeric deficiency)

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5
Q

What is lithium used for?

A

Mood stability

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6
Q

What is the effect of lithium on mood stability?

A

Inhibits glycogen synthease kinase

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7
Q

What neurotransmitter blocker is used for schizoprehnia?

A

Dopamine-receptor blockers

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8
Q

Which neurotransmitter blocker is used for depression?

A

Serotonin receptor subtype antagonists

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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter blocker is used for sleep disorders?

A

Histamine receptor antagonist

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10
Q

What is benzodiazepines used for?

A

Enhances GABA for sleep disorders

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11
Q

What is guanfacine?

A

Enhances noradrenaline for ADHD

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12
Q

What are reuptake inhibitors?

A

Inhibition of reuptake transporters subsequently increases the concentration of the neurotransmitter within the synaptic cleft, thus increasing the effect exerted onto the post-synaptic receptor sites.

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of citalopram?

A

Enhances serotonin for depression and anxiety

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of desipramine?

A

Enhances noradnreline for depression

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of methylphendiate?

A

Enhances dopamine for ADHD.

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16
Q

What effect does amphetamines have?

A

Enhance the release of neurotransmitter.

17
Q

What are auto-receptors in a serotoninergic synapse?

A

• Auto-receptors regulate the release of serotonin by monitoring the concentration of the neurotransmitter within the synaptic cleft.

18
Q

Which two drugs are used for epilepsy and mood stabilisation?

A
  • Sodium valproate

* Carbamazepine

19
Q

What is the mechanism of action for sodium valproate, an ion-channel targeting drug?

A

Inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels reduces the likelihood for neuronal depolarization – an action potential is downregulated.
• Prevents the process of recruiting neurons in an epileptic focus to produce a seizure.
• Drugs stabilize mood in bipolar disorder – preventing recurrent cyclical activity.

20
Q

What channel does gabapentin and pregablin act upon?

A

Calcium channels

21
Q

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in excitatory neurons?

A

Glutamate

22
Q

Which neurotransmitter is implicated in inhibitory neurones?

A

GABA

23
Q

Which neurotransmitter is in excess in epilepsy?

A

Glutamate

24
Q

Which neurotransmitter is deficient in anxiety?

A

GABA

25
Q

Which neurotransmitter is deficient in depression?

A

5-HT

26
Q

Which neurotransmitter is in excess in psychosis?

A

Dopamine

27
Q

Which neurotransmitter is in excess in nightmares?

A

Noradrenaline

28
Q

Which neurotransmitter is deficient in impaired memory/dementia?

A

Acetylcholine

29
Q

What is a partial agonist?

A

Have a lower max efficacy than complete agonsits

30
Q

What is the advantage to using partial agonists?

A

They’re safer to use

31
Q

What is an inverse agonist?

A

An inverse agonist binds to the same receptor site as that as an agonist, however, induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist.
• GABA – pro-cognitive (GABA exhibits an inhibitory effect, whereas an inverse agonist will result in excitatory activity – hippocampus for dementia),
• Histamine – increased attention – ADHD.

32
Q

What are three main GABA-A receptor subtypes?

A

Alpha-1 receptors
Alpha-2 receptors
Alpha-5 receptors

33
Q

What are Alpha-1 GABA-A receptors?

A

Regulate inhibition from the GABA interneurons onto the pyramidal cells.

34
Q

What are alpha-2 GABA-A receptors?

A

Control the output of the pyramidal cells consolidated on the proximal segments (where inhibition can contain the overall activity).

35
Q

What are alpha-5 GABA-A receptors?

A

Produce tonic activity

36
Q

What is allosteric modulation?

A

Some drugs at on the same site as the endogenous neurotransmitter

37
Q

What is the effect of activated GABA-A receptors?

A
  • GABA binds to the GABA receptor = orthosteric site.

* Binding action enhances chloride ion conductance –> Inhibits neuron

38
Q

What are positive allosteric modulators?

A

Benzodiazepines – barbiturates – alcohol – neurosteroids
• Drugs behave on allosteric sites on the same protein complex
• Enhance the action of GABA – sedation (Positive allosteric modulators).

y2 brs (haroop) (62 decks)

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