episodic memory

Question 1

episodic memory is made up off…

Answer 1

contextual info

relations: (Associations) of details

details

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

the process of adding events into memory - forming memories

Question 3

episodic memory in the lab

Answer 3

study phase: encoding new ‘events’

shown photos on diff corner of screen, with diff coloured borders

test phase: retrieving these ‘events’

what was the image of?
where was it on the screen?
what colour was the border?

–> tests to see if it was actually encided

Question 4

dividing attention and memory

Answer 4

• dividing attention during encoding markedly impairs memory
• i.e. if you do something else at the same time you will not learn as much

Question 5

attention and memory

Answer 5

study phase: encode events

some trials: colour of events

other trials: location of events

test phase: retrieve these events > what colour? what location?

when people succeeded in encoding fMRI lights up in hippocampal region

hippocampus is essential for binding info into memory

Question 6

picture superiority effect

Answer 6

• pictures easier to remember than words
• mentally imaginable words are also easier to remember

Question 7

Paivio’s Dual Code theory

Answer 7

an image plus a verbal code produces a richer memory trace

Question 8

distinctiveness theory

Answer 8

an item that pops out will be better remembered

• must be the only one to pop out

Question 9

The Von Restorff isolation effect

Answer 9

a memory boost from processing a difference in the context of similarity

processing something different amongst similar things

Question 10

distinctiveness and picture superiority

Answer 10

• better memory for words that are visually distinctive
• supports picture superiority

Question 11

importance of meaning

Answer 11

• what pictures are of really matters
• those with people in them = more memorable
• just bc people ‘like’ them more doesn’t mean they are more likely to remember - e.g. natural scenes

Question 12

uniqueness

Answer 12

item with more distinctive features or features that are unique to them = more memroable

Question 13

droodles

Answer 13

• context/additional information makes things easier to remember
• schemas: prior knowledge on what is going on

Question 14

fMRI whilst encoding new facts (Schema)

Answer 14

scheme related facts:

• activated the prefrontal cortex more
• activated the temporal lobe less (inc hippocampus)
• prefrontal cortex schema-related activation predicted Y2 course performance

BRAIN ENCODES RELATED AND UNRELATED FACTS IN VERY DIFFERENT WAYS

Related: PFC more and MTL less
Unrelated PFC less and MTL more

Question 15

schema effect

Answer 15

expected objects are better remembered than neutral objects

Question 16

prediction error/distinctiveness

Answer 16

unexpected objects are also better remembered than neutral objects

Question 17

The Baker-Baker paradox

Answer 17

This girl is called Baker

This girl is a baker

• easier to remember that her occupation is a baker, people remember occupations associated with faces more than names
• processing meaning helps memory encoding

Question 18

how can WE influence what we will remember

Answer 18

• create a story - processing the meaning
• repetition - superficial processing

Question 19

depth of processing in the brain

Answer 19

• brain regions that are part of processing meaning in general are ALSO activated when encoding the meaning into memory

Question 20

semantic elaboration

Answer 20

• consciously processing things - making a story, relate to what you know all ready

Question 21

memory encoding is a byproduct of…

Answer 21

ongoing processing

this has implications for:

• active learning

Question 22

the prefrontal cortex and memory

Answer 22

• damage does not cause amnesia BUT DOES impar memory control and organisation
• more organisation = better recall - so this would effect quality of memories

Question 23

fMRI study and distinctiveness

Answer 23

• people more likely to remember faces if people judged their distinctiveness
• this judging boosted activation of the hippocampus - which is essential for binding memories

TRY AND REMEMBER THINGS BASED ON DISTINCTIVNESS

Question 24

hippocampus is essential for

Answer 24

binding info into memory