Respiratory System

Question 1

What is diffusion

Answer 1

The movement of gas molecules from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure

Question 2

What is gaseous exchange

Answer 2

The movement of oxygen from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air

Question 3

What is needed for expiration

Answer 3

The pressure has to be higher in the lungs than the atmosphere. Done by decreasing volume of thorax due to the relaxation of inspiratory muscles in the thorax

Question 4

What muscles are used during breathing at rest when inspiring

Answer 4

diaphragm - external intercostal muscles

Question 5

What muscles are used during breathing at rest when expiring

Answer 5

diaphragm relaxes - external intercostals relax - use abdominals and internal intercostals

Question 6

What is tidal volume

Answer 6

The volume air breathed in or out per breath

Question 7

What is inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 7

The volume of air that can forcibly be inspired after a normal breath

Question 8

What is expiratory reserve volume

Answer 8

Volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath

Question 9

What is minute ventilation

Answer 9

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute

Question 10

How is minute ventilation calculated

Answer 10

Respiratory Frequency (per min) x tidal volume

Question 11

What is residual volume

Answer 11

The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 12

What happens to tidal volume during exercise

Answer 12

Increases

Question 13

What happens to inspiratory reserve volume during exercise

Answer 13

Decreases

Question 14

What happens to expiratory volume reserve during exercise

Answer 14

Slight decrease

Question 15

What happens to residual volume during exercise

Answer 15

Stays the same

Question 16

What happens to minute ventilation during exercise

Answer 16

Big increase

Question 17

What is partial pressure

Answer 17

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists within a mixture of gases

Question 18

What is the difference in partial pressure referred to

Answer 18

Concentration gradient

Question 19

What three factors are involved in the regulation of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) during exercise

Answer 19

neural control- chemical control- hormonal control

Question 20

What is neural control

Answer 20

Involves the brain and the nervous system to regulate breathing

Question 21

What is chemical control

Answer 21

Control concerned with the blood acidity to regulate breathing

Question 22

What happens when the blood acidity is high

Answer 22

The brain is informed and it sends impulses through the nervous system to increasing breathing

Question 23

What two systems controls pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

Answer 23

sympathetic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system

Question 24

what does the respiratory centre of the medulla oblongata control

Answer 24

rate and depth of breathing and uses neural and chemical control

Question 25

what would stimulate the respiratory centre to increase respiratory rate

Answer 25

an increase in concentration of carbon dioxide

Question 26

The respiratory centre has two main areas. What are they and what are they responsible for

Answer 26

Inspiratory centre, responsible for inspiration and expiration - Expiratory centre, stimulates the Expiratory muscles during exercise

Question 27

The inspiratory centre sends outs what via the phrenic nerve

Answer 27

Sends out nerve impulses to cause inspiratory muscles to contract

Question 28

What does the respiratory centre mainly respond to

Answer 28

Changes in blood chemistry

Question 29

What factors affect neural control of breathing

Answer 29

mechanical factors- baroreceptors- stretch receptor

Question 30

How do stretch receptors affect neural control of breathing during exercise

Answer 30

during exercise lungs are stretched more. These receptors prevent over-inflation of lungs by sending impulses to the expiratory centre and then down the intercostal nerve to the expiratory muscles so expiration occurs

Question 31

How do baroreceptors affect neural control of breathing during exercise

Answer 31

which detect increases and decreases of pressure in the aorta and carotid arteries and results in an increase in breathing rate

Question 32

How do mechanical factors affect neural control of breathing during exercise

Answer 32

Factors such as proprioceptors located in joints which provide feedback to the respiratory centre to increase breathing during exercise

Question 33

What is cilia

Answer 33

Microscopic hair-like projections that help to sweep away fluids and particles

Question 34

What is COPD

Answer 34

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A chronic disorder and debilitating disease, the name is collective for a number of diseases such as emphysema

Question 35

What is emphysema

Answer 35

A long term progressive disease of the lungs that causes shortness of breath caused by smoking

Question 36

What does smoking cause damage to

Answer 36

the alveoli as their walls break down and join together formimg larger air spaces than normal which reduces the efficiency of gaseous exchange.- smoking affects transport oxygen as carbon monoxide from cigarettes combines to the haemoglobin in red blood cells much more readily than oxygen. This reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood