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Histology > Blood And The Lymphoid System > Flashcards

Blood And The Lymphoid System Flashcards

1
Q

What are leukocytes ?

A

General white blood cells

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes ?

A
  • granular leukocytes (can be seen)
  • agranular leukocytes (can’t be seen)
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3
Q

What are the different granular leukocytes ?

A
  • neutrophils (55-65%)
  • eosinophils (1-4%)
  • basophils (0.5%)
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4
Q

What are the different agranular leukocytes ?

A
  • lymphocytes (20-35%)
  • monocytes (2-8%)
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5
Q

What do monocytes specialise into in cells ?

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

What are the 2 cell types created by small lymphocytes ?

A
  • T cells involved in cell mediated immunity
  • B cells involved in humoral immunity
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7
Q

What are plasma cells ?

A

Activated versions of B cells

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8
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of neutrophils

A
  • contain a bilobed nucleus
  • contain lysosomes
  • have phagocytic roles
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9
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of eosinophils

A
  • contain secretory vesicles
  • involved in the formation of antibody antigen complexes
  • produced by inflammatory mediators
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10
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of basophils

A

They are mast cell precursors

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11
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of lymphocytes

A
  • contains very little cytoplasm
  • involved in immunity
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12
Q

Briefly describe the structure and function of monocytes

A
  • contains a kidney shaped nucleus
  • macrophage precursors
  • have phagocytic roles
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13
Q

What is the lifespan of erythrocytes ?

A

120 days

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14
Q

Where are erythrocytes made and removed ?

A
  • made in bone marrow
  • removed in the spleen, liver and bone marrow
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15
Q

Where do blood cells come from ?

A

Most come from the bone marrow

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow ?

A

1) yellow marrow which is basically fat
2) red marrow which is involved in blood formation (haemopoesis)
- red marrow is found at the ends of long bones e.g. ends of the femur and humerus, sternum, ribs and vertebrae

17
Q

Describe the structure of sinusoids

A
  • contain discontinuous endothelium
  • allows for easy entrance and exit of cells
18
Q

How are platelets made ?

A

Platelets are made by megakaryocytes

19
Q

What does polyploid mean ?

A
  • contains several copies of the genome
20
Q

What is a lymphoid tissue and organ ?

A

A tissue (usually loose connective tissue) or organ which is very rich in lymphocytes

21
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphoid tissues and organs ?

A
  • primary lymphoid tissue/organ : where lymphocytes are made
  • secondary lymphoid tissue/organ : where the lymphocytes act
22
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs ?

A
  • bone marrow : B cells differentiate into plasma cells in secondary lymphoid tissues and secrete antibodies
  • thymus : T cells in secondary lymphoid tissues make antibodies and incorporate them into their plasma membranes
23
Q

What is the function of the thymus gland ?

A
  • has an endocrine function
  • produces hormones controlling lymphocyte development
  • mostly generates T cells
24
Q

Where are secondary lymphoid tissues and organs found ?

A
  • can be contained within loose connective tissues or other structures (unencapsulated lymphoid tissue)
  • can be contained within specific organs e.g. lymph nodes and spleen
25
Q

Describe the distribution of unencapsulated lymphoid tissue

A
  • found in the respiratory system, alimentary system and urinary system
  • there are dense aggregations of lymphocytes in the lamina propria (beneath the epithelia)
26
Q

What is the role of lymphatic vessels ?

A

They drain tissue fluid and return it to the blood
- the lymph fluid will pass through a series of lymph nodes which are rich in lymphoid tissue

27
Q

What are the main components of the lymphoid nodules ?

A
  • B cells
  • plasma cells
28
Q

What is the main component of diffuse lymphoid tissue ?

A

T cells

29
Q

What is white pulp ?

A

Lymphoid nodules - B cells and plasma cells
Diffuse lymphoid tissue - T cells

30
Q

What is red pulp ?

A
  • Rich in blood
  • tests erythrocytes and removes old damaged ones
31
Q

Why are there different types of secondary tissue ?

A

They act as 3 lines of defence against infection :
1) unencapsulated - filters the tissue fluid if infection crosses the epithelium
2) lymph nodes - filters the lymph fluid
3) spleen - filters blood

Histology (9 decks)

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